Chin-Naga: Ao, Mao, Sema, Zeme, Liangmai, Kolren, Kom, Lhota, Rengma, Angami, Kabui, Tangkhul, Koirenf



Tradition title rus: 
Чин-нага: ренгма, сема (суми), земе, лянгмай, колрен, ком, ангами, лхота, ао, мао, |?шунмара, |кабуи, |тангхул, коиренг
Areal ID: 
6.2.3.3
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
226.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
124.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12aEclipses: a predator animalDuring an eclipse or at other circumstances the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a predator animal (a bear, a feline, a canine, a racoon)
a12bEclipses: a frog or toadDuring an eclipse or at the sunset the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a frog or toad
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a20Childhood and youth of the Sun and MoonThe Sun and the Moon (rare: the Sun and a star, the Moon and a star) are two siblings who live on earth and then ascend to the sky being still young persons
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32hThe Moon plantA tree or bush is seen in the moon
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
a35aDirty face of the MoonSpots on the lunar disc are dirt thrown into the Moon's face by his/her sister/brother or mother
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a4bThe Sun is afraid of the nightBeing afraid of the night, the Sun decided to travel across the sky only at the day time
b116The first book eaten upAn animal or a person eats up the first book (writing, important document). (In some of European traditions the eating up of the book is not directly described but follows from the context)
b116cSacred book lostIn the past a particular groups of people possessed scripture and knowledge that were later lost or the people missed opportunity to obtain them
b125Animals exchange their organsDuring the time of creation particular species of animals (rare: plants) exchanged certain organs or traits or one animal borrowed an organ from another one but never brought it back. Thence the characteristics of these animals now. In rare cases the back exchange and restoring of the initial situation or the passing of certain organ from one animal to another without compensation are described
b1cOne creator deceives anotherTwo creators agree that whose object will be found in a certain condition (usually: whose tree or flower will grow or blossom first) should be recognized as a senior one. While one of the creators sleeps or is absent, another replaces the objects and so achieves the priority by deceit
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b2dMarriage of the sky and the earthThe male Sky (the Sun, the Thunder, the creator of the sky) marries the female Earth (or its female creator) or the female Sky marries the male Earth
b2eThe male earthThe earth or the world as a whole is a male person (alone or together with a female person)
b36Creatures acquire their physical traitsBirds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics
b38The ruined paintingPerson paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b3dEarth from worm’s excrementsA worm obtains the earth (from the underworld), it emerges from the worm's excrements, is extracted from inside of the worm
b3dEarth from worm’s excrementsA worm obtains the earth (from the underworld), it emerges from the worm's excrements, is extracted from inside of the worm
b40aMissed opportunity to have hornsAnimal who has no horns now had them before or missed opportunity to get them
b41The talking dogBecause the dog was spreading some information, altercated with its masters, was talking in a wrong time, etc. it lost the ability to speak
b44aCouncil on seasons: units of timeAnimals (Melanesia: persons) discuss the number of discrete units of time that should be in a certain calendar period or in the night
b44cShould warmth and light exist?It is discussed if darkness or light, cold or warm periods should exist
b44eDispute of ancestorsThe primeval ancestors (usually birds and animals) participate in discussion concerning the desired predominance or wamth/light or cold/darkness, number of the units of time in a tempoi cycle, etc.
b52cEarth bigger than skyWhen the earth was created it proved to be bigger than the sky and had to be squeezed. This way mountains or swamps have appeared
b5bThe universal motherWoman (alone or with her companion) gives birth to or creates not only people but also different creatures and objects
b6aOne egg was thrown awayFemale ancestor gives birth to several eggs. One or two of them do not hatch for a long time, thought to be rotten are thrown into the river. However just from them emerge (or had to emerge) high status characters
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b82The white ravenRaven or other carrion-eating bird of dark color and a similar size was originally white
b89Owl as a king of birdsOwl was or wanted to be king of birds or it behaved itself in a wrong way during the elections of the king. Now it avoids other birds and/or other birds chase it
b94Talking treesTrees (and animals) could talk and asked people not to cut or kill them
c18aThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding placeThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding place or people beliefe that the Sun will not rise if the cock would not cry
c19Acquisition of the sunThe Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)
c4aThe flood: survival in a treeDuring the flood some persons survive in a tree
c5aBird-scoutsBirds or humans later changed to birds are sent to explore the earth (is it dry, are any survivals, to investigate why smoke rises to the sky, etc.) or to bring some soil to make the land that would be good for living
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
c6dThe aquisition of the earth from the lower worldThe dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)
c6eThe diver is a crustaceanA crustacean brings the earth from the bottom of the ocean or from the lower world
c8The couple of close relations originates the mankindIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8aaBrother and sister beget the peopleIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
d1bMale spirit of fireThe fire is personified as an elder man (alone or with his wife, mistress of fire)
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d8Fire and a predator animalFire or summer is stolen from a big predator: a lion (in Africa), a tiger (in Asia), a bear (in Siberia and North America) or a jaguar (in South America)
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e1bPerson of unfit materialsCertain person is made of improper material and proves to be short-lived or unfit for fulfilling his functions
e38aWoman gives birth to many embryosWoman gives birth to a gourd, a bag (with eggs), a piece of meat. The flesh is cut into pieces which turn into people or many people come out of the gourd or bag
e38bPeople from gourdAfter the world cataclysm or in the beginning of times a gourd survives or appears, new people come out of it
e4Creation from dirt of the skinSupernatural person creates the entire earth, human or other beings of dirt taken from his or her skin, from under the nails, etc.
e40Nostrils upsideFirst people have noses with nostrils upside and are in trouble when it rains
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5bFirst couple from the underworldFirst man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e5dPredator devours emerging peoplePeople live underground or in a small enclosure. When they come out they are attacked by monster or dangerous animal. Monster is killed or transformed
e8bWoman hides in a fruitA woman hides in a fruit that was brought to house and comes out when nobody is nearby
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f40bA man in a village of womenA man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f51The clandestine loverPerson who conceals his or her identity comes to his or her lover (at night). Next time, the lover puts a mark on the stranger's face, body or clothes doing this intentionally (to recognize him or her) or by chance (that leads to the identification)
f65bDeath feigned to eat burial foodMan pretends to die because he does not want to share food with the others and eats it alone at his burial place
f86Conditional signalPerson summons with a certain signal a non-human being (usually his or her sexual partner or his or her protégé). Another person spies, uses the same signal or pronounces the same words and kills the being who comes to him (or uses this being sexually himself)
g23bAlive being turns into nationsDifferent body parts of a being turn into people of different ethnic affiliation or such people receive their names and characteristics according to body parts that they got
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h12cOrpheus: to return the dead wifeHusband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again
h18Hoarded game releasedGame animals were concentrated in one single place. Certain person lets them disperse in the world
h18bCattle returns into waterAfter getting domestic animals from supernaturals a person immediately loses the animals or most of them (usually because of a broken taboo like to look, to speak in a loud voice, etc.; the animals disappear in water, remain in the sky, scatter in various directions, etc.)
h2The selfish animalAnimals ask God to make people mortal because people would be too numerous and step on the animals, deprive them of their food and habitat, or because the animals want to feast on the human corpses
h24Container opened too earlyContainer with valuables or with dangerous creatures is opened (before time). Its content goes out of control or disappear
h27Mosquitoes let loseStinging insects (rare diseases) had been inside a container or some enclosure. They escaped to the world when the container or enclosure was foolishly opened
h34gOne grain porridgeOne cereal grain (cob, etc.) is enough to prepare a meal
h36The muddled messagePerson is sent by god to bring instructions or certain objects but distorts, forgets or replaces them. This has fatal consequences for humans or for a certain species of animals. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)
h36cDeath and the lizardLizard is responsible for introduction of permanent death. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)
h36hhDeath and the frogFrog or toad is responsible for introduction of permanent death
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h55Sinners in other worldPerson who visits the other world gets to see different people punished or rewarded according to their behavior when they were alive on earth
i100The Pleiades are girlsThe Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)
i100bThe Pleiades are a group of peopleThe Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)
i116Milky Way is the border between the seasonsThe Milky Way is the border-line between seasons of the year or parts of the universe (the wet and the dry seasons, the sky and the earth, etc.)
i119The dead shake the earthThe earthquakes are produced by the dead who are in the underworld or during the earthquakes the inhabitants of the lower world try to come out; try to understand are there still living beings on earth
i119aThe earthquake: is anybody alive?Supernatural beings shake the earth because they think that no earth dwellers remained or wanting to check it, or demonstrating that they themselves are on the place
i14No-anus peoplePerson or creature has no anus opening
i14aEject digested food through the mouthNo-anus people eject digested food through the mouth or other orifice
i17Body anomalies of inhabitants of a distant landBeings without mouth, anus, genitals, whose women do not know how to give birth live in the underworld, in the sky, or in a far-away land
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i26Dangers on the way of soulsOn its way to the Beyond, a soul has to defend itself or divert attention of guards who wait for it giving presents to them
i27Chthonic canineA dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i35a2Thunder is rolling stones or vesselsThunder is heard when stones or big vessels are rolled, dragged, overthrown in the sky
i39Rainbow road or bridgeRainbow is a road, a bridge or a ladder
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i47Rainbow is filthRainbow is a flatulence of a demon, a spray of a skunk, is associated with spit, urine, feces, genitals, etc., causes skin diseases, is associated with death
i48Confined to the underworldCertain person loses his or her freedom, is confined to a far away place (often, to the underworld) and acquires cosmic dimensions: supports the earth or the sky and/or his or her movements produce earthquakes or (rare) storms
i48aFalling down into the underworldAt the terminal part of the narrative the antagonist of the hero descends into the underworld
i62Milky Way is a riverMilky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim
i65Milky Way of the deadMilky Way is the path over which souls travel to the beyond or a path of the funeral procession
i69Star dungShining sky objects or atmospheric phenomena are excrements of sky dwellers
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i85bPolaris is a personPolaris is a person
i85c1The rain stored in the skyIn the sky there is a special container (vessel, skin, box, etc.) for storing the rain
i8e1Four supports of the worldThe sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
i8gAtlasOne giant supports the earth or the sky
i96Bloody rainbowRainbow is blood, associated with war and death
i99The Pleiades are boys or menThe Pleiades are a group of boys or men, or a group of different people but predominantly males
j2The tree-husbandHusband or lover is a tree (that temporarily turns into a man)
j21Birth from eggsGods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs
j26Babies come out of the waterBaby heroes, embryos or objects from which they emerge are found in a river or lake or come to people out of the water
j41cTrials before confrontation with the antagonistA man sets off for a confrontation with dangerous adversary. On his way, he is suggested to fulfill difficult tasks and does it successfully. Usually the same tasks had been suggested before to another man who failed to fulfill them and was killed or imprisoned by the adversary
j42Waters split apartWhen person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground
j51One piece is missingPerson or animal is eaten up or destroyed otherwise. His bones are put together and he or it is revived. Because one bone was broken, swallowed or lost (or a drop of blood, a small piece of flesh lost), the person or animal cannot be revived or being revived misses some part of his or its body
j54The last female survivesAnimals of particular species that were enemies of the heroes are exterminated besides the only pregnant female (rare a female and a male). Thanks to this, these animals still exist
j62People turned into stonesPerson transforms people who come to him or her into inanimate objects, usually stones
k103aTree raises its branchesA plant (tree, vine, lotus) that has grown up rapidly does not let anybody besides the hero or the heroine to climb it or to pick its fruits (flowers)
k119Animal helper marries a poor boy to a princessTo make a poor man rich (usually to marry him to a rich girl or to marry a poor girl to a prince), an animal makes other people believe that the groom is rich already. The man becomes prosperous indeed
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k131bMagic objects are exchanged and returnedA man loses a magic object that he got before but gets it back thanks to another object (a cudgel, a box with soldiers, etc.) that is exchanged for the first one or obtained by the man’s brother. The episode can be repeated several times
k136aGirl’s hair picked up from a riverA man finds the woman’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner
k159Peas poured under the feetWhen two persons are fighting, somebody wants one of them fall (while another be firm on his feet) and for this throws something under his feet
k174Fingering thrown into a pitcherA person puts (usually inconspicuously) his or her fingering or other small personal object into a pitcher with which a servant (girl) has come to take water. The servant's mistress or master finds the ring and understands that the person is nearby
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k18Infant picks out his unknown fatherA boy is born whose father or (rare) mother is unknown. He himself points at his parent who as a rule occupies the lowest social position. Usually many men (women) come together and everyone hopes that the boy points at him (her)
k19bStar-husbandA woman maries a star-man
k1fConflict because of a womanA man maroons another because of jealousy or because he plans to take hold of his wife
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k22Dwarfs and cranesDifferent from (common) people inhabitants of a distant land fight from time to time with non-human enemies who periodically attack them
k22bMan helps inhabitants of other worldInhabitants of a distant land who have different nature than (normal) human beings struggle from time to time with some non-human enemies. Man helps local dwellers because their enemies are not dangerous for the human beings
k23Battle with birdsBirds attack the inhabitants of a distant land or a man who had got to this land
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25a1Magic wife finds her clothesMagic wife abandons her mortal husband when she finds her clothes (often, her feathers if she is a bird-woman), makes herself the new clothes, receives them from her kin or her husband gives her her clothing believing that she will not abandon him. (Versions with magic wife abandoning her husband because she feels herself offended is not alternative to the “found clothes but in most of the texts these motifs are not combined)
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27hhTo sort grainA task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27x3The man persecuted because of his beautiful brideA powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him
k29aSurviving in a fireHero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation
k29bPosthole murderHero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured
k2bThe Mountain-man and the Oak-manThe pastimes or only names of the hero’s companions are unusual and different but their specific qualities that they must possess considering their names are irrelevant for the plot. Cf. motif K66, “Extraordinary companions”
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k32aTravelling man leaves his wife or daughter for a short timeA man travels with his wife or daughter. Another woman or a demonic person replaces her when the man goes away for a short time or (rare) falls asleep
k33Drowned woman remains aliveA young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people
k34Fatal swingPerson kills others inviting them to sit on a swing and launching them into water, on rocks, etc.
k37Recognition-testTo return or to get his or her son, wife, husband, domestic animal or (rare) object, person must recognize her, him or it among several identical persons, animals or objects
k4The bird nesterPerson climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground
k47aA woman and a dogAfter having sexual contact with a dog, a woman gives birth to his children. The puppies turn into humans and usually become ancestors of particular groups of people
k56a8An animal is taken for a bridegroom by mistakeA girl marries an animal (brings it with her), it turns into a handsome man. Another girl tries to do the same but perishes or suffers a reverse
k56a8dGirl devoured by a pythonA girl agrees to marry a serpent, it turns into handsome man. Another girl (or her mother or father) herself brings a serpent home or wants a serpent to marry her but it kills her
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
k60bInvitation to coffinPerson is lured into a trap being invited to lie in a box or a hole to measure it. Being unable to liberate himself from the box etc., the person remains in power of his enemies
k65bHumans and spiritsSpirits or unpleasant animals (reptiles, worms, etc.) are (often: concealed from the eyes of God or deformed) children or miscarriages of the same human couple or the same primeval ancestor who produced first human beings
k65c2Man and tiger among several sonsA woman or female animal gives birth to several sons, a man and a tiger among them
k76c1Woman gives birth to a gourdWoman gives birth to a gourd which turns into person or which contains a person or people inside
k77aSmall objects and animals defeat the ogreSmall objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies
k79Snake serves an example of resuscitation Person in a desperate situation gets to see how a snake or other small animal uses remedy to revive or to cure itself or other animals. The person uses the remedy, succeeds
k80Repetitive reincarnationPerson (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form
k87Marriage with an animal creates problemsA woman becomes the wife of an animal (rare: other non-human being). Her husband cares for her but ultimately the animal, the woman, her children or her relations are killed, she turns into an animal herself, animals and humans become enemies, etc.
k92King LearA man puts his children questions that seem easy to answer (how they love him, who is the elder in the family, etc.). The elder children flatter, the youngest daughter (rare: son) is reserved and her father drives her away or deprives of inheritance. Later her noble nature becomes evident to him
k95The twining branches (united in death)Two persons who loved each other (usually a man and a girl) are buried in one grave or not far from each other. After the burial something related to this event takes place (two plants grow up and stretch their branches to each other, smoke of two funeral pyres is merged, two birds flu out from the grave, two stars appear on the sky, etc.)
k98(Animal) helper turns into householdAn animal or (rare) a person that gave birth to the hero or supported him for a long time asks his master or son to kill him or her. Its (her) remains turn into a house with a household where the hero can live
l103Obstacle flight (Atalanta type)Treasure, or the like, is thrown back to tempt pursuer to delay
l104Fugitive and pursuer change guisesA fugitive turns in succession into different animals or objects. A pursuer does the same, every time becoming an animal or a person who is dangerous for the fugitive in his given guise
l105Invisible missileAnimal, fish or person wounded by hero runs or swims away, usually with the man's projectile in his or her body. Local doctors are not able to cure the wound (usually because they do not see the projectile). The hero or his companion comes to the place where the wounded one lives and cures him or her (usually extracting his projectile from the wound)
l107The ear-sleepersAnthropomorphic beings have huge ears (use them for blankets, umbrellas, etc.)
l113The ogre bridegroomA girl (rejects suitors for a long time but at last) falls in love with a handsome man who proves to be a demon or animal. Usually she eventually escapes from him
l125Demonic wife recognizedA man marries a beauty but catches her in a situation when her not human nature is revealed. After this their marriage breaks down
l15aVulnerable place on the bodyThe only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s or creature’s body and not in his inner organs
l15c1The antagonist is defeated because he tells truthDangerous person tells simple-heartedly what he is afraid of or what particular object is the receptacle of his life giving the hero a good opportunity to scare or to kill him
l3Husband turns into demonA demon takes appearance of a man and comes to his wife or (rare) to other woman. The woman (alone or with her child) runs away and/or kills the monster (herself or with somebody's help)
l37aTo get know causes of problems
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l44bThe blind got his sight, the lame got his legsA blind man and a lame man live together and help each other. When they got mortally scared or became to fight with each other, their eyes and legs were cured
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l65b3The escape on the treePersons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)
l81Demon’s firePerson sets off in search of fire and finds it in the house of a demon. The demon makes harm to the person
l93aHelpful foxCunning fox, jackal or coyote saves particular person or many people, helps them
l96Sold in animal’s guise and comes backPerson can transform himself or herself into an animal or an object. Being sold in this guise, he or she achieves his or her aims and becomes a human again
l96bThe yogi boiled in his own pot of oilA man comes into the power of a yogi or demon. He asks the man to walk round the boiling pot of oil or to prostrate himself before the image of a deity. The man asks him to show how to do it and pushes him in or the pot or beheads him
m104Make believe killing of kinsfolkPerson conceals his or her close relatives (children, mother, brothers) and tells another that he or she has killed them. Another believes and agrees to kill his or her own children, mother, etc.
m105Make believe killing of motherPerson conceals his mother or (rare) wife or mother-in-law, tells another that he has killed or sold her, another really kills or sells his mother (wife, mother-in-law)
m112Animals dig a wellAn animal person refuses to dig or clean a source of drinking water together with other animals or birds but takes advantage of the results of the work
m113For certain bird water is tabooDuring the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain
m120Cannibal baby-sitterAnimal person promises to take care of another animal's children but do not fulfill obligations and usually eats the young ones
m130aA bird helps an animal to escape from the snareA predator animal lures a herbivorous animal into the hunter's trap and hopes to feast on its entrails. A bird advices the herbivorous animal to sham dead and helps him to escape
m130bTraitor killed instead of a victimA herbivorous animal gets into hunter's trap. A predator animal refuses to free his companion because he hopes to feast on entrails. A bird makes the herbivorous animal free. The hunter tries to kill the bird but hits the predator instead
m131Biting tree-rootA stronger (animal)-person gets to seize a leg or tail of a weaker one. To get free the weaker one pretends that his pursuer got hold of a tree root, and the pursuer lets his enemy free
m136cThe man takes seriously the prediction of deathConsidering indirect signs or somebody’s word, a numskull thinks that he is dead and lies motionless
m144The wasp nest as king’s drumOne animal person gets to convince another that dangerous or disgusting objects are attractive and delicious (a wasp nest is a drum, a snake is a girdle, a heap of dung is a delicacy, etc.)
m150The deceitful herdsman`An animal person becomes a herdsman but eats the entrusted animals up
m151Hello, house!Dangerous animal pretends to be an inanimate object, dead or absent. The potential victim sais aloud that the real dead (object, place) has to act in a particular way or to say particular words. The animal does accordingly betraying himself.
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m156aObjects that give the answersDangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question
m157cYou are hens and I am the cockTo put a person into an awkward position, others demonstrate chicken eggs that they prepared beforehand. (Usually, having no egg with him, the person says that he is the only cock while all the others are hens)
m162Eating his own innardsPerson pretends to eat his own innards or flesh and persuades the other to do the same. Other believes and kills themselves
m181aFire at the sunsetPerson believes that unachievable natural phenomena are objects of culture. Usually he agrees to bring a the fire mistaking for it a sunset, a firefly, etc.
m186Race competition: a fish and an animalAn animal (fox, wolf, leopard) runs along the shore while a fish (burbot, goby) swims in the water. The animal calls him and every time hears his voice from ahead. (Usually the fish puts other fish along the distance but in the Negidal version the competition motif is absent)
m195Two horses: which is older?Person must guess which of two horses or cows is older. He does it considering peculiarities of the habits of these animals
m195aWhich end of a stick is a butt?Person sends a long object that looks identical from each end or is inside a box. Another person is smart enough to give a correct answer
m195cSmart or lucky one solves problemsPersons of high status cannot reveal the hidden difference between two or more objects or creatures (or two sides of an objects of creature) which look similar. A smart or lucky person of lower status does it
m199bNot a stone but a bird is thrownAn ogre (devil etc.) and a man compete to determine who can throw a stone higher or to a greater distance. The man throws not a stone but a bird.
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29b3The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29oTrickster is a monkeyIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is a monkey
m29o1The monkey is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the monkey suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29w2The tiger is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the tiger suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m38Stupid imitation (all versions)Person sees how others act using magic or according to their animal nature. He or she imitates their actions and gets into trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and refer to everyday activity, mostly to providing and cooking food
m38aThe bungling hostBeing on a visit to other people or (more often) animals, an (animal)-person sees them act using magic or according to their animal nature. Back at home, he imitates their actions and gets in trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and mostly refer to providing and cooking food
m38a2The hen cooks her eggsThe hen (other bird) cooks her own eggs and serves them to other animal persons (who imitated her with disastrous consequences)
m38d6Bursting from laughSeveral characters who are the embodiments of small objects die one after another. The last of them laughs so much that he bursts (breaks his head, etc.)
m39a7Misunderstood instructions: to wash with the boiling waterA fool is told to wash an old person with a warm water. He uses a boiling water killing the person
m40The distorted instructionsPerson is sent to receive something of relatively low value. He asks to give him quite different object (to provide a service) and asks one who had sent him to confirm the demand. Usually a person or animal comes to a wife or a son of a powerful one and tells her or him that her (his) husband or father tells to give him food, to make love to him, to marry him, etc.
m45aOld man and animalsA man falls asleep or pretends to be sleeping or dead. Animals take him for dead: mourn, carry to bury, are going to eat up, etc. The man kills a lot of animals or obtain valuables otherwise
m57cGold producing animalAn animal (ass, cow, horse, goat, bear, leopard) extracts gold or food from its body or person makes others believe that it is so
m57c1Gold-producing bearA man enters into a fight with a bear or (among the Malayali) leopard and makes another person believe that this animal defecates gold
m72Hand in animal’s anusPerson puts (for different reasons) his or her hand into the anus of a tapir or other herbivorous animals and is unable to extract it back. Animal starts to run and drags the person behind him for a long time
m84cGuest of bush spiritsA man spends a night in a forest or desert where spirits live. One of them explains to the others that he has a guest (i.e. this same man) tonight
m84dConversation of treesA man listens in conversation of trees one of which is mortally ill
m91bThe sold ashesUsing trick, a man sells or exchanges for treasure ashes. Another person tries to sell ashes and is ridiculed
m91b1The sold skinA man goes to sell a skin of domestic animal and on his way, by trick or thanks to chance, gets a big sum of money. Usually coming back he explains that this was the price of the skin but when other people kill their animals they cannot sell skins for such a sum. (In India the hero sometimes pretends to sold cow meat to brahmins for whom it is forbidden)
m91c1Herd from the river bottomPerson gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him
m91c2Put into the bagPerson is put into a bag (a cage, tied up, etc.) to be drowned, burned, etc. He pretends to be in this situation by his own will or because he refuses to marry a princess, to become a chief and the like. Another person is willing to take his place and is killed


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