Melanesians of the northern coast New Guinea, nearest off-shore islands and Huon Gulf (Morobe district): Watut, Bilbil (Bilibili), Jabim (incl Kai), Tami, Bukawac, Wogeo, Tumleo, Yakamul, Manam, Sissano, Sio



Tradition title rus: 
Меланезийцы северного побережья Новой Гвинеи и округа Моробе: Вогео, тумлео, якамул, букавак, билбил, гедагед, биляу, такиа, билибили, ватут, тами, ябим, манам, сиссано, сьо
Areal ID: 
7.1.5.1
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
118.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
68.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a11aEyes of the Sun and the Moon: coolness and nightVisible sun and/or moon are the Sun's and/or the Moon's eyes. If these eyes were not injured, light and heat would be more intense
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a21Luminaries are objects fixed in the skyThe sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky
a21aThe released MoonThe Moon is an object which its owners released by chance or which was stolen from them and ultimately ascended to the sky
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
a38The Sun caught in snarePerson prepares a snare, loop, noose, etc. to catch the Sun and/or the Sun is caught in a snare, tied by a rope, etc.
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b41The talking dogBecause the dog was spreading some information, altercated with its masters, was talking in a wrong time, etc. it lost the ability to speak
b41aAnimal reveals master’s secretsThe dog or other domestic animal speaks aloud about those details of its masters' life that they would prefer to conceal. He is punished by depriving his ability to speak
b60Offended children abandon parentsChildren conflict with their parents who do not pay them enough attention, condemn their sexual behavior, do not give them enough food, clothes, etc.; the children abandon their parents and become birds, bats, atmospheric phenomena, or stars (usually the Pleiades)
b82The white ravenRaven or other carrion-eating bird of dark color and a similar size was originally white
c34The deluge because of a wounded creatureKilling (injuring, offending) of some cruature (usually related to water) triggers deluge
c4The flood: fruits fall from a treeDuring the flood or in the beginning of times fruits, seeds or other objects are dropped into water one by one, usually by a person who has climbed a tree. As far as the objects fall, water recedes and the dry land appears
c4aThe flood: survival in a treeDuring the flood some persons survive in a tree
d12Food baked in the sunFirst people or inhabitants of a distant country cook food in the sun; or fire owner lies that he or she cooks food in the sun
d5Woman as the owner of the fireFemale person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire
d5aFire in woman’s genitalsFirst fire was hidden in genitals or anus of a woman
e27People from drops of bloodPeople emerge from drops of blood that fall from the sky
e39aFemale animal conceives from man’s urineA female animal (snake, pig) conceives from the uruine of a man and gives birth to human child(ren)
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5bFirst couple from the underworldFirst man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e8aPeople from the fruitsWomen or people in general come out of the fruits (orten the coconuts) or (more rare) leaves of the cocos palm spontaneously turn into women
f16Men and women: exchange of anatomical characteristicsInitially men possessed women's biological traits and vice versa (beard, menses, breasts, bearing children)
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f34bThe paramour is not a human beingA girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior
f38Women and sacred knowledgeWomen were possessors of the sacred knowledge, sanctuaries or ritual objects which are now taboo for them or they made attempts to acquire such a knowledge or objects
f40bA man in a village of womenA man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f49The abnormal birthCesarean operation upon a woman at childbirth as a custom
f62Incognito at the feastAn (ostensibly) sick (ugly, weak, poorly clad) person remains at home when others go to the feast. The person comes by himself or herself looking like a handsome man or beautiful girl. The man (woman) does not recognize him (her) and feels against her (him) sexual interestю (All texts with motif k57, Chinderella, are also included into f62)
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f8Women and men come togetherInitially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together
f80aGenitals apart from the bodyGenitals exist by themselves as separate beings, they can be stuck to the human body, remove, etc.
f95Wife of one of two brothersTwo companions or brothers live together. One has a wife which he conceals. Another suspects her existence, destroys her or tries to get a wife also for himself
g13aPeople ate dirtBefore acquisition of cultivated plants (fire, hunting skills) people ate dirt, mud or stones
g13cBad food of the pre-agricultural epochBefore the cultivated plants or edible wild plants become known, people ate (decomposed) wood, bark, mud, stones, fungi
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g8Restored treeA deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working
g8bCutting tree to get a personPerson hides in a tree. Somebody tries to fell it but the notch disappears and the tree becomes intact
g8fChips destroyedA deep notch in the tree is magically restored when persons or creatures who cut it go away to take a rest. They get to fell the tree after they begin to burn the cut off chips or to carry them far way
h27Mosquitoes let loseStinging insects (rare diseases) had been inside a container or some enclosure. They escaped to the world when the container or enclosure was foolishly opened
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h4aProcess of rejuvenation is brokenPeople do not become young (usually do not shed their skin) anymore because certain person was bothered during rejuvenation or was not recognized by his family in his new guise
h5People and snakesReptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death
i100The Pleiades are girlsThe Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)
i100The Pleiades are girlsThe Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)
i100bThe Pleiades are a group of peopleThe Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)
i100bThe Pleiades are a group of peopleThe Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)
i108The Pleiades are a personThe Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons
i116Milky Way is the border between the seasonsThe Milky Way is the border-line between seasons of the year or parts of the universe (the wet and the dry seasons, the sky and the earth, etc.)
i119The dead shake the earthThe earthquakes are produced by the dead who are in the underworld or during the earthquakes the inhabitants of the lower world try to come out; try to understand are there still living beings on earth
i14No-anus peoplePerson or creature has no anus opening
i14aEject digested food through the mouthNo-anus people eject digested food through the mouth or other orifice
i18A spouse or husband without anus or mouthPerson visits people who have no anus or mouth. He or his sister marries or tries to marry a local dweller
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i38aThe dog-husbandsDogs or dog-headed men are husbands of human women
i43aThe celestial monsterGiant reptilian monster (serpent, more rare fish, chain of fish) extends in the sky and/or supports the sky being associated with Milky Way or the rainbow
i43bMilky Way is a serpent or fishMilky Way is a reptile, fish, or chain of fish
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i47Rainbow is filthRainbow is a flatulence of a demon, a spray of a skunk, is associated with spit, urine, feces, genitals, etc., causes skin diseases, is associated with death
i4aThunder in trouble: falls to earthThunder falls to earth, cannot return to the sky. Usually a human person helps him to do it
i71Stars are rootsStars are roots of the plants which grow in the upper world
i82aVenus is maleMorning and/or Evening Star is a male personage
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
i8gAtlasOne giant supports the earth or the sky
i96Bloody rainbowRainbow is blood, associated with war and death
i99The Pleiades are boys or menThe Pleiades are a group of boys or men, or a group of different people but predominantly males
j13Two sistersTwo sisters (if more, only two play a significant role in the plot) travel and meet an unpleasant suitor or get to an ogre
j14A flute-playerA girl or two sisters walk in search of the man whose beautiful voice or whose flute-play they listen
j2The tree-husbandHusband or lover is a tree (that temporarily turns into a man)
j23A late son kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy or twins. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j23dYoung twins kill monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has baby twins (or more children) who grow up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j25Babies escape and returnHeroes (usually one or two), being still babies or embryos, escape or are thrown away, often into the water. To bring them back into the human world, they are lured (persuaded) to come out or caught with difficulty
j26Babies come out of the waterBaby heroes, embryos or objects from which they emerge are found in a river or lake or come to people out of the water
j47Pursuer falls from heightPerson ascends to the sky (rare: descends from the sky; ascends the cliff) by a rope, a ladder, etc. Another person tries to follow him or her but the rope (the ladder) is broken or severed
j47bThe two ropesA strong rope (chain, etc.) is thrown to the person pursued by a demon but a rotten rope is thrown to the pursuer. The person is saved and the demon falls down (drowns) and dies
j58The arrow ladderPersons shoot arrows (darts) which hit each other’s end forming a chain (rope, ladder). Persons climb by this chain to the sky or (rare) across an obstacle
j59Following arrow to get to the skyTo climb to the sky, person must first to shoot an arrow that reaches the sky and sticks to it
j64Person moves on clouds of smokeNot being burned in a fire, person ascends to the sky or gets across a river on clouds of smoke
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k177The travelling heroineA girl or young woman sets off to find or return her fience or her husband or she escapes from a fanger and ultimately marries happily
k1fConflict because of a womanA man maroons another because of jealousy or because he plans to take hold of his wife
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k20Wish for star-husband or wife realizedA human person admires a star or (rare) the Moon in the sky, expresses desire to marry it or (rare) to get a star-object. Star descends to him or to her or takes him or her to the sky
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25a1Magic wife finds her clothesMagic wife abandons her mortal husband when she finds her clothes (often, her feathers if she is a bird-woman), makes herself the new clothes, receives them from her kin or her husband gives her her clothing believing that she will not abandon him. (Versions with magic wife abandoning her husband because she feels herself offended is not alternative to the “found clothes but in most of the texts these motifs are not combined)
k29bPosthole murderHero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured
k3Tree or rock grows tallerHero climbs up a tree or rock to get eggs, nestlings, fruits, honey, etc. Another person makes the tree (rock) grow higher or thicker and the hero is unable to descend back
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k34Fatal swingPerson kills others inviting them to sit on a swing and launching them into water, on rocks, etc.
k4The bird nesterPerson climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
k98(Animal) helper turns into householdAn animal or (rare) a person that gave birth to the hero or supported him for a long time asks his master or son to kill him or her. Its (her) remains turn into a house with a household where the hero can live
l20Eater of the raw meatTwo persons hunt or fish. One of them is or becomes a cannibal. He or she reveals his or her nature eating the quarry raw
l22The sound sleepAfter breaking some taboo, coming across a strange object or person, people fall asleep. They do not feel when at night spirits come and injure or kill them
l24Monsters suffocatedDemons (or one of them) attack people and return to their den (usually a cave or tree hollow). People make suffocating fire around the den killing most or all of the demons
l41Hero escapes on the wayAn ogre or ogress catches a person and carries his or her prey home but the person escapes on the way or immediately after reaching the ogre's house
l46Head downwardPerson ascends, descends, walks head downward or sees the world upside down
l47Enemy moves backward and diesHero's enemy ascends a tree or rock head downward or walks backward letting the hero better possibility to kill him or to escape
l52Hero escapes from top of a treeHero hides in a tree from an ogre. Before the ogre gets to fell the tree, the hero flies away or a bird helps him to escape
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l6Demon clings to personA demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back
l61EndocannibalPerson devours his or her own flesh or disembowels himself or herself
l65Demonic babyA baby or small child proves to be a demon, devours or injures people
l65b3The escape on the treePersons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)
l70Fruit falls and killsPerson or animal is killed or injured with a heavy object dropped from a tree (or rock, etc.). The person or the animal knows that the objects will fall but has falls ideas about its character and weight
l72The obstacle flightRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer
l81Demon’s firePerson sets off in search of fire and finds it in the house of a demon. The demon makes harm to the person
m44cThieves of food: a young heroA boy or young man comes to steal food of a person who is elder than he. Usually he is caught but not punished and invited to live with the elder person
m5aPassengers of the sinking canoeSmall animals ride a canoe, it sinks, all try to save their lives in their own way
m72Hand in animal’s anusPerson puts (for different reasons) his or her hand into the anus of a tapir or other herbivorous animals and is unable to extract it back. Animal starts to run and drags the person behind him for a long time


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