Toba (incl Pilaga)



Tradition title rus: 
Тоба
Areal ID: 
16.1.4.3
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
155.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
97.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12aEclipses: a predator animalDuring an eclipse or at other circumstances the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a predator animal (a bear, a feline, a canine, a racoon)
a17The Sun’s relax at the middayAfter passing half of the its way across the sky (in the day time) or in the underworld (in the night time), the Sun stops to have a rest
a24The first sunriseIn the beginning it is dark. When the Sun first appears on the sky, primeval beings or part of them perish or turn into animals, spirits, stones
a25Getting accustomed to the lightWhen people see light of day for the first time, they are prohibited to look at it immediately. Those who break this taboo are ruined
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b12Rivers and snakesThe river bed follows the way of a snake, fish, dragon or crab; pieces of the snake’s body turn into rivers; a river is a snake
b13aStream follows personA stream of water (with a monster in it) pursues person who tries to escape from it
b21Destruction of the world treePeople ascend the tree to hunt, fish, or gather food in the sky. The tree is destroyed, people fall to earth or remain in the upper world
b22Offended person destroys the treePeople who have climbed up a tree do not share food with a person who remained below. He or she revenges on them destroying the tree. The events have cosmic dimensions
b36Creatures acquire their physical traitsBirds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b42Cosmic huntCertain stars or constellations are interpreted as hunters, their dogs and game that the hunters pursue
b42eSky hunters pursue a rheaIn the cosmic hunt tale the game pursued by the hunters is a rhea bird (Rhea americana)
b60Offended children abandon parentsChildren conflict with their parents who do not pay them enough attention, condemn their sexual behavior, do not give them enough food, clothes, etc.; the children abandon their parents and become birds, bats, atmospheric phenomena, or stars (usually the Pleiades)
b65Intestines turn into creepersPerson plays imitating other animal person. His belly is cut open as a result and intestines turn into vines
b9Water in the tree trunkThere is enormous amount of water inside a trunk of a tree or a tree turns into water
c1The collapse of the skyCatastropic displacement of layers of the univers in the past or in the future is mentioned. Among variants (sometimes combined): the sky fell on the earth; the earth (the underworld) and the sky interchanged their positions; the earth turned upside down; the layers of the universe collapsed in one after another; they will change their place during the future cataclysm
c12aThe dog and the world cataclysmA dog warns people about approaching flood or world conflagration, instructs them what should be done
c14Monsters destroy peopleDuring or before the world catastrophe (deluge, darkness) wild beasts and monsters attack and destroy people
c2Deluge and conflagration combinedInhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water
c9Warning about the coming floodGod, animal, some person warns one of the people about the catastrophy (usuallly the flood) that will become soon and in which most of the people must perish
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d4eCoyote or fox obtain fireCoyote or fox bring people the fire, the daylight or the Sun
d4gHummingbird discovers where the fire is (and brings it to people)Hummingbird discovers where the fire is (and brings it to people)
d4oFire stealer pretends to be wet and coldTo steal fire from its owner, person pretends to be wet or cold and is granted permission to sit near the fireplace. In a proper moment the stealer carries the fire away and brings it to people
d5Woman as the owner of the fireFemale person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire
d8Fire and a predator animalFire or summer is stolen from a big predator: a lion (in Africa), a tiger (in Asia), a bear (in Siberia and North America) or a jaguar (in South America)
e12The animated drawingPerson draws an object or creature and it becomes alive
e25Arachne (the spider-weaver)The art of weaving people get from a spider or from a person who turns into spider afterwards; a spider is weaving for people
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e5dPredator devours emerging peoplePeople live underground or in a small enclosure. When they come out they are attacked by monster or dangerous animal. Monster is killed or transformed
f10Vaginal teeth knocked outWoman has another toothed mouth (usually in vagina) or biting animals in vagina. Man inserts there a stone, bone, stick, etc. breaking or knocking out the teeth or extracting from there dangerous animals
f16Men and women: exchange of anatomical characteristicsInitially men possessed women's biological traits and vice versa (beard, menses, breasts, bearing children)
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f20A strong embraceMan and woman embrace each other forever or for a long time
f20aHumans and dogsInitially, people copulated like dogs and dogs did it like now do humans
f27Girls and the water spiritsFor girls and young women it is dangerous to come near water. Water creatures swallow them or drag away; a girl can die or become pregnant from a spirit; she can trigger a flood (rare: other cataclysm). Water spirits can come themselves to a girl who has her periods
f29Girl sits on the groundA girl or young woman who is usually occupied with domestic work (is cooking, weaving, etc.) sits on the ground and copulates with a penis-like creature that crawls from below into her vagina
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f34Land animal paramourCertain woman or a group of women takes for a paramour a big land animal. Husbands, brothers or (adoptive) children kill or maim paramour and (sometimes) the woman
f34bThe paramour is not a human beingA girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior
f35aFeeding with the kin’s meatPerson does not know that he or she eats or cooks the meat of the member of his or her household (blood relation, more rare a spouse or servant) or serves it to his or her friends, or uses her or his bones for everyday needs, or slowly kills him ort her
f3aThe pregnant manA man carries a child like a woman
f4Child born in jugIn the beginning of times, a particular person or children in general was or were conceived and grown up in pots, heaps of mud, etc. and not in a womb
f53Ugly husbandAn ugly man marries a girl but conceals his face. Marriage is ruined after his face is seen
f53aBat or owl hides his faceA man hides his face from his wife because she does not know that he is a nocturnal being (a bat or an owl)
f59Man to woman: modified bodyTo make believe that he is a female, a trickster transforms particular objects or creatures into female body parts or into a baby child
f61Trickster rapes a woman who carries him on her backA man pretends to be weak, ill or injured, asks a woman to carry him on her back. When she agrees, he makes attempt to copulate with her
f63Trickster poses as woman and marries manA male person turns into woman and marries a man. He is either unmasked or abandons his "husband" by his own will
f78Toothed anusPerson or creature has toothed anus or second head in place of the anus
f8Women and men come togetherInitially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f92Homosexual playA male person is tricked into being used sexually by another man
f9aVagina dentataThere are teeth, blades or sharp stones in woman’s genitals, vagina is the biting mouth. (Only texts that are believed to correspond to reality are considered but not anecdotes and jokes)
f9cSnake in vaginaSnake (Pacific snake-eel in Polynesia) is in vagina; around the woman's thighs; vagina is a mouth of a snake; a woman with toothed vagina is associated with a snake; a snake crawls out of woman's mouth to bite off the man’s penis during the copulation
f9e1Dangerous animal in vaginaWoman is dangerous because biting or stinging animal or animals is (are) inside her genitals (and not only the head of such an animal)
g12bStar-person gives plantsStar-person is a giver of cultivated plants
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g23aAlive being turns into plantsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated
g24Food from the skyFirst seeds (sprouts, tubors) of cultivated plants or of important edible wild plants are brought from the sky (received from the sky-dwellers)
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
h16aRivers of bloodRivers (lakes) of blood (also of puss, bones, sweat or water used for washing of corpses) are mentioned in narratives (in different context)
h20Fish disperse in the worldAll the fish or (rare) shellfish) was concentrated in one place. Certain person lets it lose or puts it into the rivers or sea
h21aNot to kill a big fish
h28Plagues from the body of a person or creatureKilled and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures
h28bMosquitoes from animal hairThe cut off hair from the aniaml hide (ash and smoke of the burned hide) turn into blood-sucking insects
h47Offended sky or earthThe sky (or the earth) is offended by people’s behavior in respect to it and reacts accordingly (e.g. rises higher than it was before)
i1The thunderbirdsCreatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird
i100bThe Pleiades are a group of peopleThe Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)
i108The Pleiades are a personThe Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons
i115aOrion and the Pleiades as a man and womenOrion and the Pleiades are opposed as a man or men and a woman or women. Orion is usually male
i134Long neck on the Milky WayFigure of a long-necked creature (llama or nandu) is seen along the axes of the Milkt Way
i2Lightning from eyesLightning emerges from eyes or mouth of the being who is thought to produce thunderstorms
i21Red-haired people scorched by the sunPeople who live in the underworld, at the sunrise or sunset (often dwarfs) are scorched by the Sun which moves by at a short distance from them. They are red-haired, dark-skinned, etc.
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i22fClashing treesPerson must go beyond relatively small objects (trees, logs, blades) which are incessantly clashing and parting, rising and falling
i37dMushrooms are excrementsMushrooms are excrements of mythological person
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i47Rainbow is filthRainbow is a flatulence of a demon, a spray of a skunk, is associated with spit, urine, feces, genitals, etc., causes skin diseases, is associated with death
i4aThunder in trouble: falls to earthThunder falls to earth, cannot return to the sky. Usually a human person helps him to do it
i5Thunder is an animalThunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)
i54Water creature full of fishAnaconda or a water monster has live fish or animals inside; is father of the fish; all fish emerge from its body
i6Weather birdsA man meets a giant bird that brings with it clouds, rain, hail, thunderstorm, etc.
i67Emu and rhea in the Milky WayA giant figure of an emu (in Australia) or rhea (in South America) is seen in the Milky Way
i7The cloud serpentA flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i82bVenus is femaleMorning and/or Evening Star is a female personage
i99The Pleiades are boys or menThe Pleiades are a group of boys or men, or a group of different people but predominantly males
j12Travelling girl walks across suitorsA girl (or two sisters) travel, usually in search of a proper marriage partner who lives far away or who has gone away. On her way or after reaching the place of destination the girl gets to some unpleasant suitors
j12bHoney-suitorA suitor or husband who is a honey person or skillful honey-gatherer is attractive for a girl
j14A flute-playerA girl or two sisters walk in search of the man whose beautiful voice or whose flute-play they listen
j30Parents’ remainsBefore the hero destroys the antagonists or escapes from them, he finds or receives the remains or possessions that belonged to the antagonists' victim
j43Bait for antagonistsTo kill his antagonists, hero lures them with an attractive object which is delicious to eat and is usually on the other side of a body of water or a canyon
j44The broken bridgePerson or his helper draws his enemies on the unstable bridge and destroys it. The enemies fall into water, into a precipice
j64Person moves on clouds of smokeNot being burned in a fire, person ascends to the sky or gets across a river on clouds of smoke
k10Fight with the monstrous birdMonstrous bird (giant bat) predates on humans. Heroes fight with it
k102a2Conflict between mother and son Mother tries to kill her son (children) because he interferes with her love affair
k16To get access to a girl in guise of a bird or an animalDisguised as a bird, small animal or insect, a man penetrates into the place of a girl (into her father’s house)
k17The ornitomorphic suitorAn ornitomorphic hero impregnates a girl magically or imperceptibly for her
k177The travelling heroineA girl or young woman sets off to find or return her fience or her husband or she escapes from a fanger and ultimately marries happily
k18Infant picks out his unknown fatherA boy is born whose father or (rare) mother is unknown. He himself points at his parent who as a rule occupies the lowest social position. Usually many men (women) come together and everyone hopes that the boy points at him (her)
k18aInfant takes father’s bow and arrowsWhen a small boy has to recognize his father among many men, he comes to him and takes father's bow and arrows
k18aaPregnancy because of the non-sexual contactA girl becomes pregnant without her knowledge thanks to the contact with body liquids of a male person or with objects touched by him (not because of the normal sexual contact, or a wish expressed by the father of her future child, or her mistical contact with a deity). The happy marriage of the girl with her child’s father follows
k19aStar-wifeA man maries a star-woman
k19dStar’s husband suffers from coldWhen a man who has married a star gets to the sky, he suffers severe cold and dies either of cold or after touching a forbidden fire
k20Wish for star-husband or wife realizedA human person admires a star or (rare) the Moon in the sky, expresses desire to marry it or (rare) to get a star-object. Star descends to him or to her or takes him or her to the sky
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n3aTask-giver is the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind (Cloud, Rain)
k27n3bTask-giver lives in the sky but is not the Sun, Moon, Thunder or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks or tests to the hero or heroine lives in the sky but is not associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k35False husbandAn imposter pretends to be the hero to take his position and/or to marry or to violate his woman
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
k8cJonah: swallowed by terrestrial animalPerson gets into the belly of ground animal or bird. He kills it from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
l15aVulnerable place on the bodyThe only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s or creature’s body and not in his inner organs
l20Eater of the raw meatTwo persons hunt or fish. One of them is or becomes a cannibal. He or she reveals his or her nature eating the quarry raw
l20aEater of parrotsA man climbs a tree, throws down bird nestlings to a woman. She eats them raw and then kills or tries to kill the man
l21Cannibal’s attention divertedA cannibal under a tree plans to eat up a man who has climbed the tree. The man throws down and afar his pray or some object and escapes while the cannibal rushes to this object or is eating the pray
l36Woman attacks man who climbs a treeWhen a man climbs a tree (escaping from persecutor; to get bird nestlings, honey, fruits, etc.), his wife (rare: her brother) kills, injures him or turns into demonic creature who pursues him
l43Dangerous persons eat filthPersons who are dangerous for the hero (demons, robbers, merchants) take for something pleasant and edible those objects, creatures or matters (excrements, snakes, insects, etc.) that are disgusting (not edible)
l50Cliff ogreA person kills those who are passing by him. Usually he does not attack them all of a sudden but first distracts their attention. Usually he throws down his victims into a precipice, lake, etc.
l63Person eats with vagina or anusPerson eats food with her toothed vagina or with her or his anus
l70Fruit falls and killsPerson or animal is killed or injured with a heavy object dropped from a tree (or rock, etc.). The person or the animal knows that the objects will fall but has falls ideas about its character and weight
l78Toad-jaguarMixed traits of toad and jaguar in iconography; a toad or frog transforms into a jaguar; a toad or frog is a jaguar's mother or wife
l86Demonic mother pursues her childrenA woman turns into demon and pursues her children
l9aSharp legPerson's leg is injured intentionally or by chance. The loss of one leg does not bother him. He uses the sharpened bone as a thrust weapon
m10A girl and a honeyA girl or a woman who was stuck in a tree-hollow when she tried to extract honey or who was greedily sucking honey otherwise, dies or turns into the honey or into the bee
m11The unclean foodPerson feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food
m1bCaiman/crocodile ferries a monkeyCaiman/crokodile ferries a monkey across a river. Reaching the opposite bank, the monkey escapes before the caiman gets to catch it
m28Icarus (failed attempt to fly on artificial wings)Acquiring possibility to fly, person ultimately falls to the ground or remains in a faraway place being unable to fly any more
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29iTrickster-hawkIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hawk
m29wJaguar (ocelote, puma) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the jaguar (ocelote, puma) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m30Trickster falls downPerson or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return
m32Anus openedFood or liquid that person swallows are immediately pouring out from his bottom part
m33Anus closedPerson himself or somebody else stitches up or firmly stops his anus (with wax, clay, grass, etc.)
m35Cold enduring competitionTwo animal persons compete to see who could withstand cold all the night. At dawn one is dead
m38Stupid imitation (all versions)Person sees how others act using magic or according to their animal nature. He or she imitates their actions and gets into trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and refer to everyday activity, mostly to providing and cooking food
m38aThe bungling hostBeing on a visit to other people or (more often) animals, an (animal)-person sees them act using magic or according to their animal nature. Back at home, he imitates their actions and gets in trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and mostly refer to providing and cooking food
m40The distorted instructionsPerson is sent to receive something of relatively low value. He asks to give him quite different object (to provide a service) and asks one who had sent him to confirm the demand. Usually a person or animal comes to a wife or a son of a powerful one and tells her or him that her (his) husband or father tells to give him food, to make love to him, to marry him, etc.
m44bThieves of food: the womenPerson discovers that somebody steals game or fish from his trap or devastates his garden. He or his guards catch the thieves who prove to be (the first) women or the thief is the water being whom the hero lets go after receiving a woman for ransom
m5Provoked insultBeing in a situation when his life depends on a good will of a demon or animal, person either resists or does not resist the temptation to insult or to beat, bite, etc. the latter
m62aQuarrel provoked by action [not in correlation table]Hero imperceptibly causes detriment to two persons or creatures. They accuse each other and fight
m8Breaking the obstacleNon-human persons work hard to destroy a strong and durable obstacle that blocks access to some place or object
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons
m87Invisible ghostsPerson enters a seemingly empty house and attempts to take certain things. Invisible beings prevent him from doing it or objects themselves hurt him
m89Melted waxPerson dies or is humiliated after some object that he or she made of wax, resin, excrements and/or took for something worthy are melted down
m8cEyes cleared outBirds peck through a layer of clay, wax, pitch etc. with which person’s eyes or anus are stuck up
m9Stuck in a tree hollowPerson who puts her or his head or hand into a tree hollow or (rare) other hole is stuck fast in it or falls into the hollow and dies or undergoes a metamorphosis


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Mataco
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Mocovi; Kechua of Santiago del Estero with probable Guaikuruan substratum; Abipon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Chorote
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Makka
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Sechelt (incl Sisiatl), Squamish, Halcomelem
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Quinault
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Caddo
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Kiowa
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Cora
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Cherokee

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Mataco
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Makka
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Mocovi; Kechua of Santiago del Estero with probable Guaikuruan substratum; Abipon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bolivian Guarani: Chiriguano (including assimilated Chane Arawaks), Pauserna (=Guarasu), Guarayu, Tapiete
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Chorote
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sanapana, Lengua (incl Angaite)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tupinamba
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Pawnee
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tenetehara
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Chamacoco (Ishir)