Cayapo (incl. Kubenkranken, Pau d’Arco, Shikrin or Xikrin)



Tradition title rus: 
Каяпо (пау д'арко, шикрин, кубен-кран-кегн)
Areal ID: 
15.7.2.1
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
123.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
83.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a11aEyes of the Sun and the Moon: coolness and nightVisible sun and/or moon are the Sun's and/or the Moon's eyes. If these eyes were not injured, light and heat would be more intense
a14Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the MoonComing together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a16Dangers along the Sun’s wayEvery night the Sun passes by creatures or objects which try to destroy them
a27Crowns of the Sun and MoonLight and/or heat of the Sun and/or Moon originate from their crowns, necklaces or clothes (of feathers, of animal teeth)
a28The smart Sun and the unwise MoonThe Sun and the Moon are men. The unwise Moon tries to repeat dangerous tricks of the Sun but fails to do it successfully
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
a37The Sun is attacked with weaponsPerson intentionally and with special equipment (usually shooting arrows) attacks the Sun (or several suns if they were many)
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b17Night in containerDarkness is a particular object that can be carried (usually brought from its original owner in a container)
b19The night and the married lifePeople had trouble making love before night came into being
b1fTwo brothers: a winner and a failureTwo brothers (companions) live In the epoch of the creation. One of them is smart and selfconfident, another is weak and makes mistakes. They are not enemies and demonstrate their qualities in two or more episodes
b24Transformation into wild pigsAfter being engaged into a conflict or breaking a tabou, people are transformed into wild pigs or peccaries
b24aCircle of feathersPerson makes a circle of bird feathers around a group of people or throws feathers into their dwelling, people turn into wild pigs
b32Women turn into fishAfter a conflict with their husbands women turn into fish
b34Overtaken by the first nightWhen night escapes from container where it was originally preserved, men surprised by the darkness turn into birds or animals
b53Creatures or objects from cut off genitalsSupernaturally big genitals are cut off and turn into snakes or other creatures and objects
b58Wild turkey’s red neckAfter the original fire is stolen by the ancestors, a partridge size forest bird (Penelope sp.; Anhima cornuta; etc.; jacu, paujil) swallows burning coal and (besides the Andoque) its neck becomes red
b60Offended children abandon parentsChildren conflict with their parents who do not pay them enough attention, condemn their sexual behavior, do not give them enough food, clothes, etc.; the children abandon their parents and become birds, bats, atmospheric phenomena, or stars (usually the Pleiades)
b99Person turned into the nest of insectsPerson (his/her head) who was abandoned in a tree or falls on a tree turns into a nest of insects
c2Deluge and conflagration combinedInhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water
c24The world in danger of falling downA tree or pillar supports the sky or the earth. If it collapses, people perish
c37World catastrophe and the slothA sloth produces the world catastrophe or saves people from it
d12Food baked in the sunFirst people or inhabitants of a distant country cook food in the sun; or fire owner lies that he or she cooks food in the sun
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d4lFire from the skyFirst fire is sent to earth from the sky or the ancestors ascend to the sky and bring from there fire or warmth
d6bBurned person becomes a caimanBadly burned person turns into caiman or crocodile
d8Fire and a predator animalFire or summer is stolen from a big predator: a lion (in Africa), a tiger (in Asia), a bear (in Siberia and North America) or a jaguar (in South America)
e13aSacred knowledge from under the waterSacred knowledge, objects and rituals are initially obtained from the denizens of the underwater world
e26People (women) transformed into fish become humans againPeople or only women disappear under the water and turn into fish. They are caught using fishing tools and become humans (women) again. (Narratives that tell about a man who caught only one fish who because his wife are not included; see motig F7)
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
f12Man kills his wife with her lover’s penisMan kills his wive inserting into her body the cut off penis of her lover
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f34Land animal paramourCertain woman or a group of women takes for a paramour a big land animal. Husbands, brothers or (adoptive) children kill or maim paramour and (sometimes) the woman
f34aThe paramour of primeval womenWomen of the primeval community or amazons have one non-human paramour for all or simultaneously copulate with animals of particular specie whom they summon using special sygnal
f34bThe paramour is not a human beingA girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior
f35Feeding with the paramour’s meatPerson feeds another with the meat of his or her sexual partner who cooks or eats it without knowing whose meat it is
f40aHusband of the first womenAn anthropomorphic male or an androgyne is the only possessor or leader of women
f42The men abandon the womenThe men feel themselves offended by the women and abandon them
f42aMen turn into birdsYoung men and boys turn into birds or bats, fly away
f44Women and men separateThe women and the men of the primeval community quarrel and abandon each other
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f45aConception from windA woman or a female animal is impregnated deliberately exposing her genitals to the wind
f45bConception from the SunA woman gives birth to a son after being impregnated by the sun(shine) or sun(beam)
f54bTraces of feathersA youth or boy decorated with feathers and paint copulates incognito with his mother or sister. They discover his identity noticing on his body traces of feathers or paint
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f95Wife of one of two brothersTwo companions or brothers live together. One has a wife which he conceals. Another suspects her existence, destroys her or tries to get a wife also for himself
g12bStar-person gives plantsStar-person is a giver of cultivated plants
g13People ate rotten woodBefore acquisition of cultivated plants people ate rotten or soft (Ceiba L., Ochroma Sw.) wood; some people eat rotten wood
g13cBad food of the pre-agricultural epochBefore the cultivated plants or edible wild plants become known, people ate (decomposed) wood, bark, mud, stones, fungi
g17Gift of a reptileSerpent (snake-eel in Oceania) or alligator is the original possessor or the source of cultivated plants or wild staples
g24Food from the skyFirst seeds (sprouts, tubors) of cultivated plants or of important edible wild plants are brought from the sky (received from the sky-dwellers)
g5Food treeFruits and shoots of different cultivated plants grow on the branches of one tree (on one vine) or certain plant has a tree form that is alien to it in nature
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
g7Blunt axesAncestors try to fell a tree (more rare a high rock) that has different useful fruits on its branchs (on its top) or contains water and fish in its tunck. The notch disappears as soon as the woodcutters abandon their work for a while or periodically
g8Restored treeA deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working
g8cCutting tree to get valuables(Animal-)people try to fell a tree that contains water and fish or has cultivated plants on its branches. The notch disappears and the tree becomes intact
g8dFalling or growing up of a tree is dangerous to the worldTo save the world (gods, king, etc.) certain persons or creatures try to cut or gnaw a tree (post, mountain) or do not permit the others to do. The notch disappears and the tree (post, etc.) becomes intact
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h18Hoarded game releasedGame animals were concentrated in one single place. Certain person lets them disperse in the world
h1cStamped down gravePeople do not come back to life after somebody buries the dead in the grave or stamps down the earth on the grave
h21Animals or fish kill a childPerson possesses game animals or fish. A boy or a girl knows this secret or is used as a luring device. Another person asks or forces the boy or girl to serve him the same way or the boy himself makes an attempt to hunt or fish. As a result, the boy or girl is killed or carried away by animals or fish
h28Plagues from the body of a person or creatureKilled and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures
h29Origin of foreignersA woman is impregnated by an animal, usually by a snake. People of hostile nation originate or receive their culture from her progeny or from her paramour's relatives
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h7g1Death is more fair and rich than GodPerson (who is usually in search of the godgather for the newborn child) rejects God (saints) and devil but accepts Death who is more fair (or rich)
i1The thunderbirdsCreatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird
i28Animals in the underworldGame animals live inside a mountain, in a cave or in the underworld where they often look like humans and have a master
i28aAnimals produce earthquakesBig game animals disappear under the earth and produce earthquakes
i29Animal’s hole leads to the underworldPerson follows an animala through its hole or digs a hole himself and gets into the lower world where the animals who dig holes live
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i82aVenus is maleMorning and/or Evening Star is a male personage
i82bVenus is femaleMorning and/or Evening Star is a female personage
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
j1The vengeful heroesPersons avenge the death of their father, mother or other relatives who are one (rare two) generations older than they
j4aRevenge for the death of the motherA woman is murdered. Her son or children (rare: grandchildren, nephews) revenge for her death
k10Fight with the monstrous birdMonstrous bird (giant bat) predates on humans. Heroes fight with it
k10aBattle with a bird: a shelterHeroes kill a dangerous bird. During or before confrontation they hide inside a shelter (hut, cage, vessel, bag, hollow log) or cover themselves with a protective object
k11aFeathers turn into birds or menFeathers of (giant) bird turn into different present day birds (in their plumage) or into the men
k11a1Birds emerge from the monstrous birdPierces of flesh or feathers of monstrous/unusual bird turn into common birds (or into their plumage)
k19aStar-wifeA man maries a star-woman
k19cNon-human lover in man’s bed or bagA man brings home a small being with whom he makes love at night. His mother, sister or wife discovers his non-human lover in his bed or bag
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k20Wish for star-husband or wife realizedA human person admires a star or (rare) the Moon in the sky, expresses desire to marry it or (rare) to get a star-object. Star descends to him or to her or takes him or her to the sky
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k26A hole in the firmamentFinding a hole in the ground or making it, person gets to see below another world. Usually the earth is seen from the sky
k29aSurviving in a fireHero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation
k4The bird nesterPerson climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
l103Obstacle flight (Atalanta type)Treasure, or the like, is thrown back to tempt pursuer to delay
l13The reared up monsterA small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous
l135The TravellerMale person leaves his home and gets to unfamiliar places. On his way, he comes across different strange creatures. After all, he returns home or leaves the earth for the other world. (Rather often a long string of episodes breaks off or the story lacks the beginning and does not explain why the hero is travelling)
l15aVulnerable place on the bodyThe only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s or creature’s body and not in his inner organs
l15a1Achilles' heelVulnerable place on the body of a person or creature is on his or her foot (toe, heel, sole, ankle)
l17bTwo facesPerson or creature has another face (another mouth) on the back of his (her, its) head
l24Monsters suffocatedDemons (or one of them) attack people and return to their den (usually a cave or tree hollow). People make suffocating fire around the den killing most or all of the demons
l39Hero is compelled to descend from a treeWhen a person climbs a tree, a demon comes to it and carries the person away, or the person follows the demon to his world by his own will
l39aDemons from the underworldA demon comes from the underworld and attacks a man who has climbed a tree
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l46Head downwardPerson ascends, descends, walks head downward or sees the world upside down
l47Enemy moves backward and diesHero's enemy ascends a tree or rock head downward or walks backward letting the hero better possibility to kill him or to escape
l54Lake coming to boilTo overcome a disaster, hot stones or ashes are thrown into the water
l5cRolling head is a dangerous monsterRolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)
l5dHead is thirstyRolling head suffers thirst
l78Toad-jaguarMixed traits of toad and jaguar in iconography; a toad or frog transforms into a jaguar; a toad or frog is a jaguar's mother or wife
l9aSharp legPerson's leg is injured intentionally or by chance. The loss of one leg does not bother him. He uses the sharpened bone as a thrust weapon
m11The unclean foodPerson feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food
m21A protector hides fugitivesThe protagonist pursued by an enemy comes across a person, an animal or an object to help him and receives help
m21aUnder false cause of illnessPerson is pursued by an enemy. A bird or animal hides him or her in its mouth (under a wing) and pretends not to be able to open the mouth (to raise a wing) – because of a tooth ache, some injury and the like
m21aUnder false cause of illnessPerson is pursued by an enemy. A bird or animal hides him or her in its mouth (under a wing) and pretends not to be able to open the mouth (to raise a wing) – because of a tooth ache, some injury and the like
m22Helpful stockA long-necked bird living near water (stork, heron, bittern, swan) saves person from dangerous pursuer
m29qqTrickster is an anteaterIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is an anteater
m29wJaguar (ocelote, puma) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the jaguar (ocelote, puma) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m42Eyes: taken out of orbits and lostPerson loses his eyes because of his playfulness or negligence. He makes new eyes of some substance or/and takes eyes of another person
m42bEyes of gumPerson loses his eyes, makes new ones of gum and is able to see again (though usually not well)
m43Doll as a decoyTo kill or catch a monster, human figure of wood or clay or alive woman is exposed as a bait. Usually monster's claws or sharp leg get stuck in the wood
m5Provoked insultBeing in a situation when his life depends on a good will of a demon or animal, person either resists or does not resist the temptation to insult or to beat, bite, etc. the latter
m6Night with a partridgeA young man or girl spends night in the forest. The forest partridge (Tinamus sp.) provides him or her a fire, a shelter and/or a hammock but takes them away and flies away itself when the person does something wrong
m60bFalse doctor: a finished off victimThe deceiver who promised to cure a sick or wounded person or animal devours him or suggests a remedy that makes the sick one to feel ever worse
m6aOvernight with the fire in the forestA person spends a night in the forest. One of the forest dwellers has fire. After the person does something wrong, this fire is lost


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Blackfoot
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Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
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Paresi
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Kayabi
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Wayapi, Emerillon
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Amahuaca, Cashinahua, Sharanahua, Yaminahua, Yawanahua, Capanahua)
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Bolivian Guarani: Chiriguano (including assimilated Chane Arawaks), Pauserna (=Guarasu), Guarayu, Tapiete