Northern Munda of Kharwar branch: Birhor, Ho, Mundari, Kol, Asur (including Agaria, Kol, Birjhia), Bhumij



Tradition title rus: 
Северные мунда ветви карвар: бирхор, мундари, хо, асур (вкл агариа {вкл субкасту Kuntia}, кол, бирджья), бхумидж; буна (любые мигранты-аборигены в Бенгал из Chota Nagpur Division; в основном это территория, где обитали северные мунда)
Areal ID: 
6.1.1.3
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
189.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
89.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12cEclipses: reptiles and fishDuring an eclipse or at the sunset the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a reptile (a snake, a lizard, a dragon, a crocodile) or a fish
a12fEclipses: the creditorA creditor comes from time to time to the Sun or the Moon to claim back his money producing eclipses
a14Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the MoonComing together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a2Several sunsIn a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a2bExtra suns and moons annihilatedOther suns or moons besides present ones had been in the sky and were later annihilated
a2b1The last sunTwo or more suns shine in the sky. When the extra suns had been annihilated, there was a risk of the last one being destroyed too
a2cExtra suns are children of the present oneExtra suns who almost burned or could burn the world are children of the present one
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
a35aDirty face of the MoonSpots on the lunar disc are dirt thrown into the Moon's face by his/her sister/brother or mother
a37The Sun is attacked with weaponsPerson intentionally and with special equipment (usually shooting arrows) attacks the Sun (or several suns if they were many)
a38The Sun caught in snarePerson prepares a snare, loop, noose, etc. to catch the Sun and/or the Sun is caught in a snare, tied by a rope, etc.
a41The Sun swallows her childrenTwo persons have children (younger siblings, mothers). One of them proposes to another that they should kill (eat, bake, etc.) their children (mothers, etc.) but hides his or her own. The opponent actually kills his or her own kin. One of the persons or/and the only survived child is the Sun
a46The Sun and Moon emerge from the eyes of a beingThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) appear from eyes of an anthropomorphic being
a46aThe Sun and Moon are eyes of a deityThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) are associated with eyes of an anthropomorphic being (the motif of their emergence, creation from his eyes is not obligatory)
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b3dEarth from worm’s excrementsA worm obtains the earth (from the underworld), it emerges from the worm's excrements, is extracted from inside of the worm
b40aMissed opportunity to have hornsAnimal who has no horns now had them before or missed opportunity to get them
b69Chipmunk's back scratched: hence his stripesTo thank or to punish a small mammal like chipmunk or (ground) squirrel, animal or person scratches or paints it producing stripes on its back
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77bSky touched with a long objectThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)
b77b1Sky touched with a pestleThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food
b82The white ravenRaven or other carrion-eating bird of dark color and a similar size was originally white
c18aThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding placeThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding place or people beliefe that the Sun will not rise if the cock would not cry
c19Acquisition of the sunThe Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)
c2Deluge and conflagration combinedInhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water
c5aBird-scoutsBirds or humans later changed to birds are sent to explore the earth (is it dry, are any survivals, to investigate why smoke rises to the sky, etc.) or to bring some soil to make the land that would be good for living
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
c6aThe diver is turtle or frogA turtle or a frog (toad) brings the desired object from the bottom of the water body or from the lower world
c6dThe aquisition of the earth from the lower worldThe dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)
c6eThe diver is a crustaceanA crustacean brings the earth from the bottom of the ocean or from the lower world
c6h1Earth is extracted from the belly of an invertibrateThe earth brought from the lower world was in the belly of a worm or an insect and extracted from their
c6jThe acquiring of the earth linked to the creation of manThe acquiring of the earth from the sea bottom or from the lower world, the creation of humans and attempt to spoil it are successive episodes of the same narrative
c8The couple of close relations originates the mankindIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8aaBrother and sister beget the peopleIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c9Warning about the coming floodGod, animal, some person warns one of the people about the catastrophy (usuallly the flood) that will become soon and in which most of the people must perish
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e4Creation from dirt of the skinSupernatural person creates the entire earth, human or other beings of dirt taken from his or her skin, from under the nails, etc.
e5bFirst couple from the underworldFirst man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
e9oFrog or toad-wifeMan marries frog- or toad-woman
f10Vaginal teeth knocked outWoman has another toothed mouth (usually in vagina) or biting animals in vagina. Man inserts there a stone, bone, stick, etc. breaking or knocking out the teeth or extracting from there dangerous animals
f24Origin of menses: a biteWomen bleed because fish or snake bites them. Usually it is invisible fish inside their body
f35aFeeding with the kin’s meatPerson does not know that he or she eats or cooks the meat of the member of his or her household (blood relation, more rare a spouse or servant) or serves it to his or her friends, or uses her or his bones for everyday needs, or slowly kills him ort her
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f9aVagina dentataThere are teeth, blades or sharp stones in woman’s genitals, vagina is the biting mouth. (Only texts that are believed to correspond to reality are considered but not anecdotes and jokes)
f9cSnake in vaginaSnake (Pacific snake-eel in Polynesia) is in vagina; around the woman's thighs; vagina is a mouth of a snake; a woman with toothed vagina is associated with a snake; a snake crawls out of woman's mouth to bite off the man’s penis during the copulation
f9e1Dangerous animal in vaginaWoman is dangerous because biting or stinging animal or animals is (are) inside her genitals (and not only the head of such an animal)
g26Swallowed food: saved for peopleFood products were swallowed or hidden in person's mouth. Thanks to this people got them
h2The selfish animalAnimals ask God to make people mortal because people would be too numerous and step on the animals, deprive them of their food and habitat, or because the animals want to feast on the human corpses
h40Dog is the guard of manDog guards (successfully or unsuccessfully) the (still unfinished) physical body of man or the entrance to paradise
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h43One creates the body, another the soulOne supernatural creates the body of the first people, another revives them
h43aBroken figure of the first manAfter making human body, creator goes away for a time. In his absence another person makes attempt to break human figure that was not yet alive
h48Daughters of evil spiritDiseases are sisters (rare: brothers), usually children of evil spirit
h49Pet defends master’s childA dog or other animal kills dangerous creature who was going to attack the child. The master thinks that the assailant was the pet and kills it
h49bThe faithful dog as security for a debtA man gives his dog to another man. The dog proves to be brave and intelligent (drives off thieves, finds stolen treasure). The man who received the dog sends it back with a message of thanks. The owner, thinking the dog has run away, kills it and after this finds the letter
h49dThe poisoned fruitA bird or a person brings fruit (seed, sprout) that makes people young (healthy). By chance or by evil intent the fruit becomes contaminated with poison. The man for whom the fruit had been brought kills (is going to kill) the helpful bird (person) and then discovers the truth
h5People and snakesReptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death
h51The demonic horseA horse eats people or is associated with antagonist of the God
i11Cosmic turtle or toadA turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment
i19People inhale the odor of foodAnthropomorphic beings satisfy their hunger cooking food and inhaling the odor
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i40Rainbow bowRainbow is a bow
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i41b2Rainbow from the animal’s mouthRainbow comes out of the mouth of a reptile, amphidian or in vertebrate animal
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i57Thunder pursues his enemyThunder's enemies are evil spirits, reptiles, animals living in burrows. They hide from him in different objects, Thunder destroys these objects
i69Star dungShining sky objects or atmospheric phenomena are excrements of sky dwellers
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i72aStars are children of the Sun and the MoonStars are children of the Moon and/or the Sun
i73Stars are sparksStars (rare: suns and moons) are sparks or burning coals
j21Birth from eggsGods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs
j32To identify the night thiefSome valuables (foals, hay, apples, etc.) are regularly stolen. Nobody (the elder brothers) is able to catch the thief and only the hero (the younger brother) finds who it is
j32dPrincess in a tower (The glass mountain)The girl will marry a man who (riding on a horse or otherwise) would quickly reach a place that is almost inaccessible (the top of a tower, a mountain, the upper floor of a palace, the top of a staircase, bridge, the bottom of a deep cavity, etc.). Usually the girl herself is in the corresponding place
j54The last female survivesAnimals of particular species that were enemies of the heroes are exterminated besides the only pregnant female (rare a female and a male). Thanks to this, these animals still exist
j62People turned into stonesPerson transforms people who come to him or her into inanimate objects, usually stones
k10Fight with the monstrous birdMonstrous bird (giant bat) predates on humans. Heroes fight with it
k100eAggressive storiesStories act as particular persons: become harmful because they think that a certain person does not treat them in a correct way
k103aTree raises its branchesA plant (tree, vine, lotus) that has grown up rapidly does not let anybody besides the hero or the heroine to climb it or to pick its fruits (flowers)
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k123Old woman’s curseA youth or (rare) girl offends an elder woman. Her words make him or her to be overcome by desire to undertake something dangerous (usually to get a particular marriage partner)
k123aA broken vesselA youth breaks or overthrows a vessel of a woman or girl. This episode is a trigger for the narrative
k136A lad and his cattleA lad becomes a master and a leader of great amount of cattle (cows or buffaloes) and meets a princess (usually after she finds his hair fallen into a river)
k136a1Youth’s hair picked up from a riverA woman finds the youth’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner
k136dTwo flutesYoung man receives two flutes (pipes, horns) from a cow (buffalo). Their sounds are different and can be used as signals (joy or grief, piece or danger, etc.)
k14Precious advicesA man gives his last money for simple advices. Each of them saves his life or helps to achieve success or he does not follow the advices and gets into trouble
k174Fingering thrown into a pitcherA person puts (usually inconspicuously) his or her fingering or other small personal object into a pitcher with which a servant (girl) has come to take water. The servant's mistress or master finds the ring and understands that the person is nearby
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k24cAn old man helps to obtain the bird-wifeA youth comes to an old man (rare: old woman) who instructs him how to obtain magic wife hiding her feather-clothing. For the first time, the youth usually gives her her clothes back, the girl disappears and he lives with the old man till the next opportunity
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27x3The man persecuted because of his beautiful brideA powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him
k27x5Helpful persons of different ageSetting off for a search of a woman or magic objects, a man comes across several (usually three) supernatural (often demonic) persons who help him. All the persons are similar but usually every next one is older (younger) than another
k27x9To bring an object from the sea bottomThe hero must bring a small object (often a finger ring) from the bottom of a deep waterbody (often the sea)
k27z5An agreement to marry the would be born childrenTwo men agree to marry their future children if a girl and a boy will be born. The girl’s parents evade the given obligation. The boy grows up and finds his bride
k29bPosthole murderHero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k32aTravelling man leaves his wife or daughter for a short timeA man travels with his wife or daughter. Another woman or a demonic person replaces her when the man goes away for a short time or (rare) falls asleep
k32hPunishment: buried aliveTo punish an antagonist, he or she is buried alive
k33Drowned woman remains aliveA young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people
k33cGirl from a fruitYoung man gets a girl who is inside of a fruit or (rare) a flower or an egg
k33c1Transformed into lotus Person is thrown into the water and becomes a flower (usually lotus)
k33c7One fruit with a girl insideYoung man obtains a fruit from which a girl comes out (rare: two girls from two fruits, both remain with the man). The episode of the loss of girls who were inside other fruits is absent, Cf. motif k33c6
k35False husbandAn imposter pretends to be the hero to take his position and/or to marry or to violate his woman
k36Bewitched into animalPerson is temporary transformed into animal (usually into a dog or coyote or into donkey, ox, etc.). When he acquires his human guise again, the antagonist suffers similar transformation. In some texts only the hero or only the antagonist is transformed
k56The kind and the unkind girlsOne of (step)sisters, co-spouses or young female neighbors meets a being that is able to reward and to punish. She behaves herself properly and is rewarded. Another (other) girl comes to the same being but behaves in a wrong way and is punished (not rewarded).
k65Genii lociBeing thrown out, put into certain places, born by primeval couple some beings turn into spirits of particular loci
k65aSpirits fall from the skyBeing thrown down (usually from the sky), some beings get to different places and turn into spirits or animals with particular functions and names
k67bBargain not to become angryPerson of a low social position (a man) makes an agreement with a person of high social position (an ogre) that the master must never become angry with the servant. The servant abuses the master until the latter erupts in anger and has to be severely punished or to pay a great fee
k67cSkin ribbon ripped off from the backPerson agrees that under certain conditions another may rip off some skin from his back or cut off his ears, nose, etc.
k73Children of the youngest wifeA young woman promises to bear a wonderful children (wonderful son). In her husband's absence other people (co-wives, mother-in-law, etc.) try to kill the mother and/or the child, usually slandering the young woman
k73aBaby child substituted with object or animalHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with an animal or an object (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to an animal or an object)
k73a1Baby child substituted with inanimate objectHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with inanimate object and/or inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a stone, broom, doll, etc.
K73a2Baby substituted with a broomRivals of the beloved wife hide or throw away her baby and substitute it with an inanimate object or (rare) a small animal (but not with a pup) and tell the husband that the woman gave birth to a broom, stone, etc.
k73a6Children turn into treesEnemies of the woman kill (throw away) her wonderful children. Trees (flowers) grow from their remains. Eventually the children acquire their human form again.
k73a8The wonderful children: brother and sisterWoman gives birth to wonderful boy and girl. Being substituted with animals or objects and thrown away, they survive and triumph over their enemies
k75The youngest daughter is willing (The loathsome bridegroom)A girl (usually the youngest of several sisters) does not reject but marries a poor, sick, dirty, old, too young, non-human, etc. man who later demonstrates his supernatural qualities
k76aFrog as a marriage partnerFrog or toad marries a girl or a handsome youth marries a frog or road
k79Snake serves an example of resuscitation Person in a desperate situation gets to see how a snake or other small animal uses remedy to revive or to cure itself or other animals. The person uses the remedy, succeeds
k80Repetitive reincarnationPerson (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form
k80aA bird or an object tell about a murderAn object or a creature that emerged from remains, decorations, etc. of a killed person tells about his or her fate. Usually a reed grows from the person's grave and a pipe made from the reed tells the story
k80a2Pipe tells about a murderBody part of a murdered person or a plant that grew on the place of the crime tells people about the crime
k80a4Person’s hair turns into grassHair of the head of a person turns into grass (thorns, bamboo, shrub)
k80a6Speaking pipe made from a recently grown plantA pipe or other musical instrument is made from a plant that has grown on a place where certain person was killed (fell, touched ground). When the instrument plays, people hear a particular message
k81The handless girlFor minor offence or because of false accusation a young girl or woman is maimed and expelled from home (rare: killed or she kills herself). The maimed person magically obtains her body integrity (the dead revives)
k82Evil sister-in-lawWife of a man or wives of a group of brothers envy his (their) sister and tries (try) to destroy her
k93b2Conception from eaten fruitAfter eating a fruit (usually an apple, in Northern traditions also an egg), the sterile woman gives birth to a son or twins
k96Fifty sonsMany brothers marry or have to marry in such a way that all their wives are (were) sisters
l104Fugitive and pursuer change guisesA fugitive turns in succession into different animals or objects. A pursuer does the same, every time becoming an animal or a person who is dangerous for the fugitive in his given guise
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l17bTwo facesPerson or creature has another face (another mouth) on the back of his (her, its) head
l28The snake-eaterPerson who have eaten a prohibited meat or fish turns into monstrous snake or fish
l39Hero is compelled to descend from a treeWhen a person climbs a tree, a demon comes to it and carries the person away, or the person follows the demon to his world by his own will
l39bThe doughnut treeA tree grows from a doughnut (scone etc.) and usually brings doughnuts instead of fruits
l39dTo pass an apple from hand to handA boy climbs a tree to eat fruits. A demon asks him to share the fruits with her (him) but not to throw them to the ground but give them from hand to hand. The demon grabs the boy and carries him away
l41Hero escapes on the wayAn ogre or ogress catches a person and carries his or her prey home but the person escapes on the way or immediately after reaching the ogre's house
l41aStone in basketHero escapes from the demon's basket or bag letting stone (a piece of wood, some sand) instead of him
l42bCredulous children of the ogreAn ogre's child or (rare) wife believes in what hero tells him (or her) and releases him. Usually the hero kills the child and puts its meat to cook in the very pot where the ogre planned to cook the hero
l42eCaught againAn ogre catches a person and carries his or her prey home but the person escapes on the way. The ogre comes back, this time carries the person to his home. Or the ogre catches a group of children, most of them escape on the way, one is brought to the ogre's place
l5fHelpful skullA bodiless head, face, or skull is a woman's husband, suitor or son. He is not dangerous but a good provider, saves people from hunger, etc.
l87Taste of bloodUnintentionally, person gets to taste his or her own blood or flesh, likes the taste, turns into a cannibal
l93aHelpful foxCunning fox, jackal or coyote saves particular person or many people, helps them
l95Coming back to pick up toysPerson (usually a kid or lad) returns to the former place to pick up the forgotten object (often a toy) and is caught there by a demonic being
m104Make believe killing of kinsfolkPerson conceals his or her close relatives (children, mother, brothers) and tells another that he or she has killed them. Another believes and agrees to kill his or her own children, mother, etc.
m105aMake believe killing of childrenPerson conceals her children and tells another one that she has killed them. Another person really kills her own
m144The wasp nest as king’s drumOne animal person gets to convince another that dangerous or disgusting objects are attractive and delicious (a wasp nest is a drum, a snake is a girdle, a heap of dung is a delicacy, etc.)
m152Why only one wolf?When a weak animal or a person gets to see a predator animal or an ogre, he says in a loud voice (or asks to say his wife or children) something that frightens the predator (ogre): why the predator (ogre) brought to him is lean (small; only one instead of several), or it is good that more food gets to his house, etc. The predator (ogre) runs away
m152aAnimal tied to another for safetyA stronger and a weaker predator animals (ogre and an animal) tie together for safety. When the stronger one runs away, he drags the weaker one along with him
m154The animal language and the stubborn wifeA man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m156aObjects that give the answersDangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question
m157The impossible giving birthPerson claims that a man or a male animal had given birth (or is menstruating) or that a female gave birth to a young of another species or that a woman gave birth to an animal
m157a2Bull or cart gives birthPerson claims that a calf (colt, kid, etc.) was born (brought to the place) not by the cow (mare, etc.) of another person but by his own male animal (bull, stallion, etc.), his own animal of another species or by inanimate object (usually a cart)
m157a4To fish on a hillPerson demonstrates the absurdity of the claims of another person saying that he (or somebody else) was fishing on a hill, putting out a fire spilling straw, looking how the fish fly etc. or he is imitating such an activity. Either the place chosen for the activity or the means are irrational
m167A tiger taken for a bullDuring the night a strong predator (a tiger, a lion, etc.) and a thief not knowing about each other get into stable to steal a domestic animal. The thief takes the predator for domestic animal or for a person and acts accordingly
m182The tarbabyThe (animal) person threatens another to beat him and sticks to him with all his limbs in succession. Usually it is a figure smeared with some sticky substance that the person takes for somebody alive
m198bThe pretended astrologerA person who has not a bit of a skill to expose thieves and find the lost objects does it successfully thanks to a series of lucky coincidences
m23Mock pleaPerson or creature pretends to be afraid of a particular sort of treatment that really cannot do him any harm
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29b1The wolf is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolf suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29b2The bear is a failure/enemyBecause of its stupidity or unsocial behavior, the bear suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29b3The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29oTrickster is a monkeyIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is a monkey
m29w2The tiger is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the tiger suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m30Trickster falls downPerson or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return
m33Anus closedPerson himself or somebody else stitches up or firmly stops his anus (with wax, clay, grass, etc.)
m39hHusband pretends to become blind (The faithless wife)A married woman is eager to get rid of her husband and usually asks a spirit (God, saint, etc.) to make him blind. The husband hides in a tree, behind the alter, etc. and usually tells her that good food will make her husnad blind, or the husband himself tells his wife that the good food is dangerous for him. He pretends to become blind, kills the love (and his wife)
m45aOld man and animalsA man falls asleep or pretends to be sleeping or dead. Animals take him for dead: mourn, carry to bury, are going to eat up, etc. The man kills a lot of animals or obtain valuables otherwise
m49Man in a skin of anotherHero comes across a (animal-)person from an enemy group and takes his or her appearance, usually dressing himself in a skin of his victim; after this he penetrates the enemy camp
m53dWould believe enemiesPerson creates figures that look like enemies or pretends that enemies come. People run away, person gets all valuables for himself
m57cGold producing animalAn animal (ass, cow, horse, goat, bear, leopard) extracts gold or food from its body or person makes others believe that it is so
m57dBeat, cudgel!Person gets one by one magic objects that bring food or treasure. Other people replace them with common objects or take them away by force. The person takes his property back (usually beating the thieves with magic cudgel or whip)
m57d1Bird presents objects and fulfills wishesA bird gives a man several magic objects in succession (or one object which helps to get others) or fulfills in succession a series of his wishes
m90Snake gives a correct answer of what material the object is madeSomebody suggests to guess what sort of material a certain object is made of. Another person (usually a monster) gets to know the secret and the hero or the heroin must do what they have promised
m90aTo marry a man who would give a correct answerA girl is promised to a man who would know her name or whose finger would fit her ring, or who would guess a material from which certain object is made or grown. Person finds a correct answer by deception
m90a2From what did the plant grow?It should be guessed that the plant grew from a part of the body of a man or a snake or from dirt scraped off from the body
m91b1The sold skinA man goes to sell a skin of domestic animal and on his way, by trick or thanks to chance, gets a big sum of money. Usually coming back he explains that this was the price of the skin but when other people kill their animals they cannot sell skins for such a sum. (In India the hero sometimes pretends to sold cow meat to brahmins for whom it is forbidden)
m91c2Put into the bagPerson is put into a bag (a cage, tied up, etc.) to be drowned, burned, etc. He pretends to be in this situation by his own will or because he refuses to marry a princess, to become a chief and the like. Another person is willing to take his place and is killed
m94bWolf in a basketPerson tricks another to crawl into a basket and closes it. One in a basket is killed or badly injured (usually rolled down a hill)


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Santali, Turi, Mahli
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Sora (Savara, Saora), Parenga
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bondo, Didayi (Gata')
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Juang
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bhils (incl Barela-Bhilala), Pardhi, Kokna, Parwa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tribal groups and castes that speak Aryan languages: Dhoba (Dhobi), Halba (Halbi, Pentia), Bhunjia, Lohar (Luhar, Luhara), Kahar, Kamar (Paharia)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kond (Khond, Kondh; language is Kui, incl Kuttia, Konda-Dora), Koya; Pengo

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Assamese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Oraon (Kurukh)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Oriya (incl. Dom/Domba/Dombo, Ghasi, Bhat and other Oriya-speaking castes of Odisha)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bengali, Maithili
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
SW Arunachal Pradesh: Sherdukpen, Tawang (Monpas), Aka (Hrusso), Miji
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gujarati
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Hindi-speaking peoples and casts (incl. Teli, Parahiya; incl. Chhattisgarhi) of Northern and West-Central India
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Himachali-Pahari (Western Pahari)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kashmiri