Bengali, Maithili



Tradition title rus: 
Бенгальцы, майтхили
Areal ID: 
5.6.2.14
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
204.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
35.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a32


Name_eng: 
Figure on lunar disc
Description: 

A figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)




Motif

a32c


Name_eng: 
A man and a dog in the Moon
Description: 

A human being and a dog together are seen in the moon




Motif

a32d


Name_eng: 
Man in the Moon
Description: 

Human being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon




Motif

a32e


Name_eng: 
Person with an object in hands
Description: 

Person who holds some object in his or her hands is seen in the moon (rare: in the sun)




Motif

a32h


Name_eng: 
The Moon plant
Description: 

A tree or bush is seen in the moon




Motif

c25b


Name_eng: 
A spinner in the Moon
Description: 

In the sky, on the Moon (rare: on the Sun), i.e. somewhere outside of our world certain person is spinning, weaving, plaiting, or embroidering




Motif

e9


Name_eng: 
The mysterious housekeeper
Description: 

Person observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one




Motif

f9


Name_eng: 
A dangerous woman
Description: 

For different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man




Motif

f9f


Name_eng: 
Asmodeus
Description: 

Demon (snake) regularly kills woman’s husbands during the first night, the woman herself being ignorant about the reason of their death




Motif

f70


Name_eng: 
Potiphar's wife: false accusation of sexual abuse
Description: 

Woman makes vain overtures to young man and/or falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. Her husband believes that the young man is guilty, kills or tries to kill him




Motif

f71


Name_eng: 
Susan and the old men (the innocent slandered maiden)
Description: 

An innocent girl or young woman rejects a man who attempts to seduce her. The man accuses her of loose conduct, ultimately the truth comes to light




Motif

i11


Name_eng: 
Cosmic turtle or toad
Description: 

A turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment




Motif

i13c


Name_eng: 
Snake’s crown
Description: 

Reptiles possess treasure which a person gets or tries to get. Usually it is a crown, jewel or small horns on the snake's head




Motif

i40


Name_eng: 
Rainbow bow
Description: 

Rainbow is a bow




Motif

i51a


Name_eng: 
Bull the earth-holder
Description: 

Big mammal supports the earth




Motif

i52


Name_eng: 
Fish the earth-holder
Description: 

World is supported by fish or fish-like monster or the earth itself is such a monster




Motif

i53


Name_eng: 
Insect bothers the world-supporting being
Description: 

The animal or the fish which supports the earth is bothered by an insect. The animal moves and the earth tremblesThe animal or the fish which supports the earth is bothered by an insect. The animal moves and the earth trembles (or an animal being afraid of the insect does not dare to move)




Motif

i100


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are girls
Description: 

The Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)




Motif

i100b


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a group of people
Description: 

The Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)




Motif

i115a


Name_eng: 
Orion and the Pleiades as a man and women
Description: 

Orion and the Pleiades are opposed as a man or men and a woman or women. Orion is usually male




Motif

j42


Name_eng: 
Waters split apart
Description: 

When person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground




Motif

j54a


Name_eng: 
The calf and the tiger cub
Description: 

Two women (usually female animal persons) live together, both have children, one of them kills and devours another or wants to do it. The son of the murderer kills his mother and becomes a companion of the victim's son, or the victim’s and the murderer’s children escape together




Motif

j54b


Name_eng: 
Enemy of his mother, friend of his brother
Description: 

Son of the antagonist and the hero have the same father or mother (or they are nephew and uncle). When the antagonist conspires against the hero his (her) son becomes friend and companion of the hero




Motif

j62


Name_eng: 
People turned into stones
Description: 

Person transforms people who come to him or her into inanimate objects, usually stones




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k27n


Name_eng: 
Difficult tasks of the in-laws
Description: 

A man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage




Motif

k32


Name_eng: 
The false wife
Description: 

An ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.




Motif

k32h


Name_eng: 
Punishment: buried alive
Description: 

To punish an antagonist, he or she is buried alive




Motif

k38


Name_eng: 
Hero helps the nestlings
Description: 

For helping its children, their powerful mother or father who is a giant bird or (rare) other flying being helps the hero




Motif

k38b


Name_eng: 
The nestlings and the aggressive snake
Description: 

A serpent or water monster regularly devours or injures children of a bird or other flying creature (almost always nestlings of giant bird). The hero kills the serpent (monster)




Motif

k38c


Name_eng: 
Bird brings the hero to his destination
Description: 

After the hero helps a powerful bird (usually does good to her nestlings), the grateful bird brings him to the place where he is eager to get or tells to do it one of her nestlings. (It is not the vertical movement between layers of the world. According to the Sumerian variant, the bird endows the hero with capability to move with extraordinary speed and directs him to his destination)




Motif

k56


Name_eng: 
The kind and the unkind girls
Description: 

One of (step)sisters, co-spouses or young female neighbors meets a being that is able to reward and to punish. She behaves herself properly and is rewarded. Another (other) girl comes to the same being but behaves in a wrong way and is punished (not rewarded).




Motif

k60b


Name_eng: 
Invitation to coffin
Description: 

Person is lured into a trap being invited to lie in a box or a hole to measure it. Being unable to liberate himself from the box etc., the person remains in power of his enemies




Motif

k72


Name_eng: 
Three maidens
Description: 

Powerful person listens in conversation of three (rare: two or four) women. Each of them tells what she would do if the person marries her. One promises to bear his son (children) who would have wonderful qualities, two others promise to practice some kind of work or (more rare) marry people of lower status




Motif

k73


Name_eng: 
Children of the youngest wife
Description: 

A young woman promises to bear a wonderful children (wonderful son). In her husband's absence other people (co-wives, mother-in-law, etc.) try to kill the mother and/or the child, usually slandering the young woman




Motif

k73a4


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with a pup
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with a pup (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a pup)




Motif

k73b


Name_eng: 
Innocent woman punished
Description: 

A woman who was falsely accused of killing her new-born child or giving birth to pups and the like is punished in such a way that she must suffer from filth and be taunted by passers by




Motif

k75


Name_eng: 
The youngest daughter is willing (The loathsome bridegroom)
Description: 

A girl (usually the youngest of several sisters) does not reject but marries a poor, sick, dirty, old, too young, non-human, etc. man who later demonstrates his supernatural qualities




Motif

k75a


Name_eng: 
Thrown apple hits the chosen one
Description: 

Boy or girl selects one person among many throwing an object (usually an apple) into him or her. This way a girl makes a choice of a husband, a young man of a bride, a boy identifies his father




Motif

k77a


Name_eng: 
Small objects and animals defeat the ogre
Description: 

Small objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies




Motif

k77c


Name_eng: 
Ones who hide in a house frighten dangerous enemy
Description: 

Objects and/or domestic animals live in a house. When dangerous enemy comes, they attack him, he dies or escapes (all texts with K77A and K77B included)




Motif

k80d


Name_eng: 
The stuck in pin
Description: 

Person is bewitched (transformed into a bird, faints) when a pin or other sharp object is stuck into her (rare his) body




Motif

k92


Name_eng: 
King Lear
Description: 

A man puts his children questions that seem easy to answer (how they love him, who is the elder in the family, etc.). The elder children flatter, the youngest daughter (rare: son) is reserved and her father drives her away or deprives of inheritance. Later her noble nature becomes evident to him




Motif

k94


Name_eng: 
Bird of luck (eaten up head)
Description: 

Person eats magic bird, fish, small animal, or fruit and becomes prosperous and powerful




Motif

k100


Name_eng: 
A faithful servant
Description: 

A man gets to know about dangers that threaten another man (and often about turning into stone of anybody who would warn about these dangers). He helps the man to escape the dangers though his behavior seems strange or hostile




Motif

k107


Name_eng: 
Lost husband found
Description: 

A woman is abandoned by her magic husband. She finds him and becomes his wife again




Motif

k119


Name_eng: 
Animal helper marries a poor boy to a princess
Description: 

To make a poor man rich (usually to marry him to a rich girl or to marry a poor girl to a prince), an animal makes other people believe that the groom is rich already. The man becomes prosperous indeed




Motif

l15d


Name_eng: 
The external soul
Description: 

Life of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed




Motif

l15f


Name_eng: 
Heroine’s life in her necklace, ATU 412
Description: 

A young woman or (rare) a youth falls dead when her necklace (rare: an organ) is stolen from her and revives again as soon as she gets it back or when the antagonist takes it off




Motif

l90


Name_eng: 
Mouth from the earth to the sky
Description: 

Monster's upper lip (fang, horn, etc.) touches the sky, lower touches the ground




Motif

l93a


Name_eng: 
Helpful fox
Description: 

Cunning fox, jackal or coyote saves particular person or many people, helps them




Motif

l94


Name_eng: 
Child promised to demon
Description: 

A demon helps a man or a woman or lets him or her free. As a reward, the person is forced to promise to give the demon his child




Motif

l106b


Name_eng: 
Journey to the other world in search of the lost object
Description: 

In search of a lost object, usually carried away by water or wind, a girl or (rare) a boy comes to a powerful person, gets the object back and/or is rewarded. The object is related to the everyday life, it has no ritual significance and is not a weapon




Motif

m29b


Name_eng: 
Trickster-fox, jackal or coyote
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote




Motif

m46d


Name_eng: 
Child cries for a toy
Description: 

A small child cries and becomes satisfied only when he gets a particular object to play with. This object is of high value and is hidden in the house. As soon as the object is given to him, the child or a person related to him carry it away




Motif

m57a


Name_eng: 
Beads discharged from the body
Description: 

Instead of common body discharges a man or a woman urinates, spits, etc. beads, flowers, gold and other valuables; valuables are produced by the very presence of particular person




Motif

m57c


Name_eng: 
Gold producing animal
Description: 

An animal (ass, cow, horse, goat, bear, leopard) extracts gold or food from its body or person makes others believe that it is so




Motif

m91b


Name_eng: 
The sold ashes
Description: 

Using trick, a man sells or exchanges for treasure ashes. Another person tries to sell ashes and is ridiculed




Motif

m152


Name_eng: 
Why only one wolf?
Description: 

When a weak animal or a person gets to see a predator animal or an ogre, he says in a loud voice (or asks to say his wife or children) something that frightens the predator (ogre): why the predator (ogre) brought to him is lean (small; only one instead of several), or it is good that more food gets to his house, etc. The predator (ogre) runs away




Motif

m152a


Name_eng: 
Animal tied to another for safety
Description: 

A stronger and a weaker predator animals (ogre and an animal) tie together for safety. When the stronger one runs away, he drags the weaker one along with him




Motif

m180


Name_eng: 
Fox and crane invite each other
Description: 

An animal person invites another and serves his food in such a way that he is unable to taste it. Then the other invites the first animal and puts him in similar situation




Motif

k35a


Name_eng: 
Hero brands his rivals
Description: 

In exchange for temporal advantages, person agrees to be maimed or branded




Motif

k33g


Name_eng: 
Fruits of two kinds
Description: 

One who eats certain fruit (leave, etc.) gets horns (long nose, etc.) or turns into an animal. After eating another fruit (leave) person recovers his or her normal body




Motif

f9f1


Name_eng: 
Snake inside woman
Description: 

Poisonous snake (snakes, scorpions) comes out of the mouth of a woman {Motif F9f1 and K100c are almost identical but F9f1 links to a cluster of etiological/cosmological motifs related to the idea of a dangerous woman while K100c is related to adventures}




Motif

m57d


Name_eng: 
Beat, cudgel!
Description: 

Person gets one by one magic objects that bring food or treasure. Other people replace them with common objects or take them away by force. The person takes his property back (usually beating the thieves with magic cudgel or whip)




Motif

k32i


Name_eng: 
Two sitters at the bed of a sleeping prince
Description: 

A girl finds a body of a sleeping youth who will wake up at a certain time and marry the girl who would sit nearby. Usually at the last moment the girl goes away for a time and the impostor takes her place.




Motif

k136b


Name_eng: 
Rubies from a river
Description: 

Person finds precious stones or miraculous flowers (usually in a river) and gets to know whence they originate




Motif

k136c


Name_eng: 
Killed and revived periodically
Description: 

Every time when a demonic person goes away he kills or puts asleep a woman reviving her when he comes back




Motif

k33h


Name_eng: 
The cat, the dog and the magic object
Description: 

A man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)




Motif

k92a


Name_eng: 
The princess responsible for her own fortune
Description: 

A girl driven away from home or married to a poor man become prosperous




Motif

l37b


Name_eng: 
Secrets accidentally overheard
Description: 

Person accidentally overhears secrets of animals or demons and thus gets to know the causes of his and other people's misfortunes




Motif

k56b


Name_eng: 
The worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punished
Description: 

First one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished




Motif

l44


Name_eng: 
Show me your head!
Description: 

A man hides in a shelter. An ogre wants him to demonstrate certain parts of his body. The man demonstrates or parts of the body of an animal or some objects. The ogre believes that his adversary is a powerful creature




Motif

m131


Name_eng: 
Biting tree-root
Description: 

A stronger (animal)-person gets to seize a leg or tail of a weaker one. To get free the weaker one pretends that his pursuer got hold of a tree root, and the pursuer lets his enemy free




Motif

m151


Name_eng: 
Hello, house!
Description: 

Dangerous animal pretends to be an inanimate object, dead or absent. The potential victim sais aloud that the real dead (object, place) has to act in a particular way or to say particular words. The animal does accordingly betraying himself.




Motif

m171


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: from a pea to a horse
Description: 

Person or animal stays for a night and the next morning declares that his possessions (which value is none or negligible) are lost. Or other persons whom the trickster meets really use or spoil objects that the trickster gives them. Every time he receives in compensation objects or animals with ever bigger value, the last acquisition usually being a costly animal or a girl. (All texts with motifs M171A and M171C contain also the motif M171)




Motif

m171a


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: getting a girl
Description: 

Person or animal gets to exchange less valuable goods for ever more valuable. The last or the next to last one is a girl




Motif

k56a8


Name_eng: 
The girl swallowed by a boa snake
Description: 

A girl marries an animal or brings an animal to her home, the animal turns into a handsome man. Her sister or friend tries to do the same but perishes or suffers a reverse




Motif

k129


Name_eng: 
The disenchanted beauty
Description: 

Because of the female antagonist, a girl faints and is taken for dead but her body is not decomposed. A valuable marriage partner breaks the charms, she revives




Motif

m91c1


Name_eng: 
Herd from the river bottom
Description: 

Person gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him




Motif

k135


Name_eng: 
Seven with one stroke
Description: 

A weak and timid man or boy overcomes accidentally powerful enemies and gets high esteem




Motif

k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)


Name_eng: 
Competitions and difficult tasks
Description: 

Person is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life




Motif

k33d


Name_eng: 
Peau d'asne
Description: 

A man discovers that a beautiful girl hides herself under a guise of an ugly and dirty servant, under a skin of an animal or in an object that is brought into his house




Motif

l100d


Name_eng: 
The entrapped suitors
Description: 

A pretty, faithful wife is courted by one or several men, one of them usually a clergyman. With her husband’s consent, she invites the suitor(s) to a private rendezvous. Before the first man’s wishes are gratified, the next one arrives and then the husband himself. The suitor or suitors are caught in an uncomfortable position and then killed, punished in some other manner, ridiculed, made to pay ransom, to work, etc.




Motif

m198


Name_eng: 
Wise brothers (the king is bastard)
Description: 

When three brothers (rare: a person) are Invited to khan (judge, king, etc.) and served delicious food, they claim that the food and drink have a taste (smell) of a corpse, dog, goat etc. and/or their host is of a low descent or a bastard. Investigation confirms that their deduction was correct




Motif

k67b


Name_eng: 
Bargain not to become angry
Description: 

Person of a low social position (a man) makes an agreement with a person of high social position (an ogre) that the master must never become angry with the servant. The servant abuses the master until the latter erupts in anger and has to be severely punished or to pay a great fee




Motif

k27z2


Name_eng: 
Princess separated from her son averted incest with him
Description: 

A noble young woman or girl who had to abandon her home gives birth to a son and is separated from him. The youth becomes adult and is going to marry a woman. At the last moment he understands that she is his mother. The woman gets back her high social position




Motif

k27z3


Name_eng: 
Cat with a lamp
Description: 

A man trains a cat (monkey, dog) to hold lighted candle (lamp) on its head or to extinguish the light by a signal. When a mouse (a rat) runs through the room, the cat drops the candle (forgets about the lamp) and chases the mouse




Motif

m171c


Name_eng: 
In exchange for a thorn
Description: 

Somebody pulls out a thorn from a person’s body (cuts off the end of the animal’s tail, etc.) and throws it away or slightly injures the person. As a result the person is compensated with something more valuable than the lost object




Motif

m39a1


Name_eng: 
Misunderstood instructions: a step behind
Description: 

Fool follows instructions that were reasonable in every previous episode but become absurd in every next one




Motif

m75b1a


Name_eng: 
The predestined wife
Description: 

A man (usually of high social position) learns by a prediction that a (newborn) girl will be his future wife or a girl from rich family gets to know that her future husband is a poor man. The man (the girl, something else) attempts to kill the predestined marriage partner but only wounds her or him. After the wedding it becomes clear that the prediction is fulfilled




Motif

m39a5a


Name_eng: 
The sausage rain
Description: 

Because telling the truth a stupid son (wife, husband)) can bring misfortune upon the family, his mother (wife; her husband) mystifies him (her) making him or her describe events that are definitely impossible. People take him (her) for a fool and let alone.




Motif

m39a3


Name_eng: 
Had your daughter horns?
Description: 

Fool kills a person, throws the body into a pond or a well. His relation throws there a dead goat. Searching for the corpse in the pond, the fool asks if the killed person had horns, etc. People see that he is really crazy and do not suspect him of a crime




Motif

n3


Name_eng: 
Hungry fingers
Description: 

One of the fingers says that he is hungry and/or suggests to steal something. Other fingers express their opinion on this behalf.




Motif

m113


Name_eng: 
For certain bird water is taboo
Description: 

During the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain




Motif

k153


Name_eng: 
Grateful animals, ungrateful man
Description: 

Человек оказывает услугу нескольким (потенциально опасным) животным и другому человеку. Благодарные животные помогают ему, а человек предает и вредит




Motif

m124


Name_eng: 
A bull’s tail
Description: 

Person buries a tail or head of a bull or other domestic animal with a tail or horns outside. He explains that the animal sank into the ground and usually asks the others to pull the tail (horns). When they are “torn off”, he tells that people are guilty of the animal being lost




Motif

m154


Name_eng: 
The animal language and the stubborn wife
Description: 

A man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.




Motif

k61c1


Name_eng: 
Listen in secret of demon
Description: 

Person will be ruined if he or she would not find an answer for a riddle of a demon. The answer is found accidentally when the person or somebody else hears how the demon talks by himself or with another demon. See motif C29




Motif

l116a


Name_eng: 
Doe with golden horns
Description: 

Hunting a doe (a deer), hero gets to the place of a magician or demon; the doe is a bewitched person or demon




Motif

k129a


Name_eng: 
Half alive lady in the burial chamber
Description: 

A young woman (in the burial chamber) is now alive and now dead but after all she is disenchanted




Motif

l96b


Name_eng: 
The yogi boiled in his own pot of oil
Description: 

A man comes into the power of a yogi or demon. He asks the man to walk round the boiling pot of oil or to prostrate himself before the image of a deity. The man asks him to show how to do it and pushes him in or the pot or beheads him




Motif

k27z4a


Name_eng: 
A cripple claims his leg back
Description: 

A cripple tells that he lost his leg (eye) because of his visitor’s father. The visitor’s wife (or he himself after receiving a good advice) asks the cripple to give him another leg (eye) for comparison or brings him a leg of a dead person claiming money for it




Motif

k108


Name_eng: 
A revived wife betrays her husband
Description: 

Wife dies, husband revives her, she abandons him for another man and is punished




Motif

k24


Name_eng: 
Stolen clothes of supernatural woman
Description: 

Women who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a man hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him




Motif

k136


Name_eng: 
A lad and his cattle
Description: 

A lad becomes a master and a leader of great amount of cattle (cows or buffaloes) and meets a princess (usually after she finds his hair fallen into a river)




Motif

m170


Name_eng: 
Pilgrimage of the animals
Description: 

An animal person pretends to have no other interests than to fulfill religious rules and prescriptions (to confess his sins, to make a pilgrimage, to become vegetarian, etc.) and kills those who have believed him




Motif

b46


Name_eng: 
Big Dipper is seven men
Description: 

Every one of the seven main stars of the Ursa mayor is a an adult man




Motif

b46c


Name_eng: 
Big Dipper is seven persons or animals
Description: 

Every main star of the Big Dipper is interpreted as a particular person or animal




Motif

b87


Name_eng: 
Alcor
Description: 

Alcor (a weak star near the second star of the handle of the Big Dipper) is selected as a particular sky object




Motif

i62


Name_eng: 
Milky Way is a river
Description: 

Milky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim




Motif

k27hh


Name_eng: 
To sort grain
Description: 

A task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains




Motif

k27nn


Name_eng: 
Envious minister
Description: 

Not the powerful person himself but his official or adviser tries to get rid of the hero and suggests that the person should give the hero difficult tasks




Motif

k27q


Name_eng: 
Milk of the wild beast
Description: 

Hero is sent to bring milk of a wild animal or milk in possession of a dangerous creature or person




Motif

k27r


Name_eng: 
To visit the world of the dead
Description: 

A task: to bring object or news from the land of the dead




Motif

k27x3


Name_eng: 
The man persecuted because of his beautiful bride
Description: 

A powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him




Motif

k103


Name_eng: 
Helpful cow
Description: 

Cow (ox, bull) helps an orphan child or a young woman who got into trouble




Motif

k100g


Name_eng: 
The son must be sacrificed
Description: 

To revive or to cure his friend (rare: himself) or to fulfill a vow person is ready to sacrifice his small (young) son (children). The son revives or the supernatural powers are satisfied with the very willingness of the person to commit sacrifice




Motif

k107c


Name_eng: 
Knives on the windowsill (the prince as bird)
Description: 

Magic bridegroom who comes as bird or other guise and then changes into a man meets regularly with a young woman. Her jealous sisters (stepmother, brother, etc.) wound him (usually putting knives of broken glass around the window). He disappears, the girl goes to find him.




Motif

k117b


Name_eng: 
Stuck together
Description: 

Using a magic object or spell, hero makes people (and animals) attached to the object or to each other




Motif

l110


Name_eng: 
The devourer
Description: 

A demonic being swallows a multitude of people and animals. When it is killed and cut open, the swallowed ones come out alive or are revived




Motif

h49c


Name_eng: 
Faithful falcon killed
Description: 

A tame bird (more rare: domestic animal) seems to be aggressive against its master (usually a falcon knocks the cup from the hand of a thirsty king). The master kills the bird (animal) only to find that the it saved his life




Motif

m156


Name_eng: 
The ungrateful one returned to captivity
Description: 

An (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)




Motif

k101


Name_eng: 
Night dances of girls
Description: 

Every morning girl' or (rare) boy’s clothes are in disorder, the boy looks very tied. People spy on her (or on him) and discover that she or he spends nights in the non-human world




Motif

k101c


Name_eng: 
In the palace by day, on the sky by night
Description: 

A girl agrees to marry a man only if she would be allowed to spend days with him but return for the night to her parents. The husband gets to know that at night she joins company of sky maidens (and usually ascends to the sky to dance). He follows her. After all she remains with her husband on earth




Motif

m29w3


Name_eng: 
The lion is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

k95


Name_eng: 
The twining branches (united in death)
Description: 

Two persons who loved each other (usually a man and a girl) are buried in one grave or not far from each other. After the burial something related to this event takes place (two plants grow up and stretch their branches to each other, smoke of two funeral pyres is merged, two birds flu out from the grave, two stars appear on the sky, etc.)




Motif

k38b3


Name_eng: 
Hero takes care of nestlings
Description: 

Mighty bird or other flying creature helps a man because he took care of its youngs feeding them, warming, decorating, etc.




Motif

m198a


Name_eng: 
Wise brothers (the strayed camel)
Description: 

Three or four brothers (rare: one man) see the track of a domestic animal and are able to deduce how it looked like (lame, had no tale, carried oil and honey, etc.) or they deduce how the man who had stolen the animal looks like




Motif

k27z2a


Name_eng: 
A man and a girl who spent one night together
Description: 

A young man and a girl live far away from each other. Supernatural beings transfer the man to the girl or vice versa and carry him or her back before morning. They do not understand what happened with them and are eager to be together again




Motif

k66a


Name_eng: 
The land and water ship
Description: 

The man who is able to build (to get) a ship which can fly (travel on land) marries the princess (inherits property)




Motif

k128a


Name_eng: 
Best apples for the princess
Description: 

Each of three brothers carry to the princess some fruits (rare: fish, etc.).
She will marry a man whose fruits are better (more numerous) or can cure her. On their way two brothers treat roughly a person who possesses supernatural power and are punished while the youngest brother is polite and rewarded. He (after additional tests) marries the princess




Motif

l37a


Name_eng: 
To get know causes of problems
Description: 



Motif

l37b1


Name_eng: 
Toad under a stone
Description: 

To cure a sick person or to save a household from misfortunes a toad or frog hidden in the house should be killed or removed




Motif

m167


Name_eng: 
A tiger taken for a bull
Description: 

During the night a strong predator (a tiger, a lion, etc.) and a thief not knowing about each other get into stable to steal a domestic animal. The thief takes the predator for domestic animal or for a person and acts accordingly




Motif

m167a


Name_eng: 
A tiger who is afraid of Twilight
Description: 

A strong predator (usually a tiger) overhears a person saying that he fears something worse than a tiger The word is unknown to the tiger (twilight, etc). Thinking it must be a terrible thing he hides and then runs away




Motif

k160


Name_eng: 
Three hairs from the devil’s beard
Description: 

Hero must bring hairs, feathers, scales, etc. of a dangerous person and does it thanks to the helps of a wife or (grand)mother of this person




Motif

l37a2


Name_eng: 
Who will become the ferryman
Description: 

Person comes to God (Fate, Sun, etc.) and puts questions that asked him to put those whom he met on the way. Somebody wanted to know for how long he must fulfill his duties. The answer: he or she must put other person on his or her place




Motif

m197


Name_eng: 
The effectiveness of fire
Description: 

Seriously or demonstrating absurdity of the situation, a person tries to cook something using a fire (a source of light) that is far away from the object to be cooked




Motif

k88


Name_eng: 
The two travellers (Truth and Falsehood)
Description: 

Two men travel or argue about whether truth or falsehood (justice or injustice, etc.) is more powerful. The evil one abandons the good one robbing or blinding (maiming) him but the good one gets back his sight and becomes rich. The evil one usually perishes




Motif

k61f


Name_eng: 
The make-believe daughter (son)
Description: 

Being afraid of her husband, a sterile woman pretends to give birth. In a due time the husband plans to marry his daughter or son. During the wedding ceremony a doll or an animal is in a sedan-chair but at the last moment a supernatural persons transforms it into a young woman or handsome youth




Motif

e11


Name_eng: 
The burned skin
Description: 

Magic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)




Motif

k76b


Name_eng: 
Snake son and snake husband
Description: 

An (adoptive) son is a snake who turns into handsome man. The snake is the magic spouse of princess, lost and returned




Motif

m171d


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: gets a drum
Description: 

Animal person gets to exchange less valuable goods for ever more valuable and ultimately gets a drum




Motif

m196


Name_eng: 
The silence wager
Description: 

A man and his wife make a wager: Whoever speaks first must do certain trivial work or get a bigger portion of some simple food. They or one of them continue to keep silence even being exposed to violence or taken by others as the dead




Motif

m196a


Name_eng: 
Corpses that became to speak
Description: 

Making a wager because of a trivial thing, spouses (or only one of them) lie without movement and are taken for dead. People bury them but at the last moment they become to speak, people run in panic




Motif

m136b


Name_eng: 
Cutting off the branch
Description: 

Man sitting on branch of a tree cuts it off and similar variants (man climbs a rope and cuts it off; men cut a tree and climb on it to fell it; man climbs with difficulty on a dead branch of a tree, which breaks off)




Motif

m136c


Name_eng: 
The man takes seriously the prediction of death
Description: 

Considering indirect signs or somebody’s word, a numskull thinks that he is dead and lies motionless




Motif

m136d


Name_eng: 
The air castles
Description: 

A person plans to turn his (future) possessions into a great wealth (milk, eggs, small money, animal to be killed, etc.) but imagining this wealth, he destroys what he already has (eggs are broken, the animal runs away, etc.). Or two persons are involved into quarrel about possessions that they do not yet have




Motif

b5b


Name_eng: 
The universal mother
Description: 

Woman (alone or with her companion) gives birth to or creates not only people but also different creatures and objects




Motif

m173a


Name_eng: 
The thief drops matched objects
Description: 

The thief drops first one, then the other, of a pair of matched objects (shoes, boots, sword and sheath, knife and folk) in the road. A person passes by the first object but, when he sees the second, he goes back for the first, leaving the animal (or other possessions) behind. The thief takes the animal




Motif

k38f


Name_eng: 
The dragon-slayer
Description: 

A reptile monster demands humans (usually virgins) as a sacrifice or abducts a girl or closes sources of water. Hero kills him. Monster’s victims do not play an active part in the plot




Motif

k99a1


Name_eng: 
Smart man is rescued from prison
Description: 

An imprisoned man is rescued and exalted because only he gets to resolve problems that trouble the king or to save the princess (prince, the king himself)




Motif

m39c


Name_eng: 
Pumpkin sold as a donkey’s egg
Description: 

A numskull finds or buys an unknown fruit (pumpkin, melon, etc.). He mistakes it for an egg of a donkey (mare. camel, etc.). When he drops it or throws it off he scares a hidden hare (rabbit, fox, mouse, etc.). The fool thinks the fugitive is a young animal hatched from the egg




Motif

k56a4b


Name_eng: 
Yarn is gone with a wind
Description: 

A girl is told to clean (to spin) yarn (to weave, etc.). The yarn (spindle, a piece of fabric, etc.) is carried away by the wind. In search of it the girl comes to a person who makes her beautiful (gives precious gifts and the like)




Motif

k73a


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with object or animal
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with an animal or an object (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to an animal or an object)




Motif

k73a3


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with a doll
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with a doll or statue (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a doll)




Motif

k73a5


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with a kitten
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with a kitten (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a kitten)




Motif

j62c


Name_eng: 
Sister asks her brother to obtain impossible
Description: 

To get rid of a young man, his female antagonist uses a stratagem. She tells his sister (rare: tells directly him) about some wonderful objects and the girl is overcome with the desire to have them. An attempt to obtain these objects entails a risk for one’s life. The youth sets off to obtain the objects




Motif

m120


Name_eng: 
Cannibal baby-sitter
Description: 

Animal person promises to take care of another animal's children but do not fulfill obligations and usually eats the young ones




Motif

i64


Name_eng: 
Milky Way is a trace of animals
Description: 

Milky Way is a trace of big animals who were walking or running along it




Motif

m195b


Name_eng: 
The three dolls
Description: 

Person inserts a spike (thread, wire, etc.) into the ear of every of the two or three dolls (skulls). Each time the result is different, the spike comes out of different openings (or does not enter, or sticks inside, etc.). The dolls (skulls) represent different sorts of persons (inattentive and superfluous, wise, etc.)




Motif

m198b


Name_eng: 
The pretended astrologer
Description: 

A person who has not a bit of a skill to expose thieves and find the lost objects does it successfully thanks to a series of lucky coincidences




Motif

m198b4


Name_eng: 
The pretended diviner: names of the thieves
Description: 

The pretended diviner thinks that his exposure is inevitable and pronounces words that reflect his emotional condition. The thieves who stand nearby understand some of these words as their personal names, believe that the diviner knows all about their crime and ask him not to betray them




Motif

k173


Name_eng: 
Placidas
Description: 

A powerful and rich man loses everything that he has, is separated with his wife and children and they with each other. Later he obtains everything back, his family is united again




Motif

k136d


Name_eng: 
Two flutes
Description: 

Young man receives two flutes (pipes, horns) from a cow (buffalo). Their sounds are different and can be used as signals (joy or grief, piece or danger, etc.)




Motif

m29o1


Name_eng: 
The monkey is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the monkey suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

k160a


Name_eng: 
Demon’s answers to his wife’s questions
Description: 

A woman who lives in the house of a supernatural person conceals the man who had come to her and puts questions to this person. The answers that are received and became known to the man are of great importance for him




Motif

m91c7


Name_eng: 
Tell them that I have died
Description: 

When enemies come to deal with a man he pretends to be dead




Motif

k27r1


Name_eng: 
The burnt person proves to be unharmed
Description: 

The antagonist believes that the hero was burned but returned from the other world alive and prosperous therefore he asks burn him (her) or his representatives




Motif

k93b2


Name_eng: 
Conception from eaten fruit
Description: 

After eating a fruit (usually an apple, in Northern traditions also an egg), the sterile woman gives birth to a son or twins




Motif

k177


Name_eng: 
The travelling heroine
Description: 

A girl or young woman sets off to find or return her fience or her husband or she escapes from a fanger and ultimately marries happily




Motif

k118a


Name_eng: 
A portrait of an unknown beauty
Description: 

After seeing a portrait of an unknown beauty, a man is eager to meet her




Motif

k73b5


Name_eng: 
But the mother also could eat her baby up
Description: 

A woman is accused of doing something that she could not do by her very nature. To reject accusation, another example of something absurd and impossible is suggested or it is told that the person believes in impossible though rejects possibility of the possible




Motif

k32h3


Name_eng: 
Punishment: burned alive
Description: 

To punish an antagonist, he or she is burned alive. (Episodes in which the burning of the dangerous being is not a punishment but an effective way to get rid of him or her are not considered)




Motif

m156a


Name_eng: 
Objects that give the answers
Description: 

Dangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question




Motif

k27n1


Name_eng: 
Task-giver is a king or a chief
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being




Motif

k73a6


Name_eng: 
Children turn into trees
Description: 

Enemies of the woman kill (throw away) her wonderful children. Trees (flowers) grow from their remains. Eventually the children acquire their human form again.




Motif

k103a


Name_eng: 
Tree raises its branches
Description: 

A plant (tree, vine, lotus) that has grown up rapidly does not let anybody besides the hero or the heroine to climb it or to pick its fruits (flowers)




Motif

k130


Name_eng: 
Am I the most beautiful?
Description: 

A woman (rare: a man) asks if she (he) is the most beautiful among female (men) folk and always receives a positive answer. It continues till she or he receives the negative one




Motif

k130a


Name_eng: 
Girl in house of several brothers
Description: 

A group of young men live apart. A girl comes to them or is born magically. The men keep her as their sister. After some time she is separated from them and is in danger but ultimately she is rescued




Motif

m119


Name_eng: 
Demonstrated many times
Description: 

Trickster suggests to be a nurse or a shepherd, kills and eats children or animals, demonstrates to the parent (the owner) one and the same child or animal as many times as was their number in the beginning




Motif

m158


Name_eng: 
Tops or buts
Description: 

Two animals (an animal and a person, an ogre and a person, etc.) agree to divide a crop in such a way that one would take what is above the ground and another what is beneath ground. One of them (several times makes a wrong choice (takes turnip tops and wheat roots)




Motif

l126


Name_eng: 
The bird indifferent to pain
Description: 

A small bird makes a powerful anthropomorphic person lose his temper. The bird cannot be annihilated, cries from inside person's stomach, the person suffers or dies




Motif

m134


Name_eng: 
A tower of wolves
Description: 

Animals, demons or people stand one on another making a tower. The lowest one jumps off (bends, jerks), all the rest fall to the ground




Motif

m13


Name_eng: 
The short-sighted wish is granted
Description: 

Some person makes a wish not taking in mind that his words can have other meaning or accidentally replacing one word with another. As a result, something quite undesirable takes place




Motif

i141


Name_eng: 
The magic stick
Description: 

A stick is a tool to initiate processes which results have no rational explanation




Motif

k73a7


Name_eng: 
The wonderful children: sister and her two brothers
Description: 

Woman gives birth to three (and not two or more) wonderful children. They survive and triumph over their enemies




Motif

k73a8


Name_eng: 
The wonderful children: brother and sister
Description: 

Woman gives birth to wonderful boy and girl. Being substituted with animals or objects and thrown away, they survive and triumph over their enemies




Motif

k27z2a1


Name_eng: 
Innocent woman is believed to be wanton
Description: 

When a young woman becomes pregnant, her own kin or relations of her husband blame her for her improper behavior because they are sure that she had no opportunity to be impregnated by her husband or fiancé. After a lot of suffering the woman is united with the man who is her son’s father




Motif

m39a4h


Name_eng: 
The lost camel of the king
Description: 

A smart man (using a naive person) gets to acquire treasure that was on the back of a lost camel




Motif

k56a4f


Name_eng: 
The unkind girl becomes ugly
Description: 

The supernatural person does not like the behavior of the unkind girl and punishes her making her ugly (disfigured)




Motif

k33


Name_eng: 
Drowned woman remains alive
Description: 

A young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people




Motif

k33c


Name_eng: 
Girl from a fruit
Description: 

Young man gets a girl who is inside of a fruit or (rare) a flower or an egg




Motif

k80


Name_eng: 
Repetitive reincarnation
Description: 

Person (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form




Motif

k98


Name_eng: 
(Animal) helper turns into household
Description: 

An animal or (rare) a person that gave birth to the hero or supported him for a long time asks his master or son to kill him or her. Its (her) remains turn into a house with a household where the hero can live




Motif

h24


Name_eng: 
Container opened too early
Description: 

Container with valuables or with dangerous creatures is opened (before time). Its content goes out of control or disappear




Motif

k33c7


Name_eng: 
One fruit with a girl inside
Description: 

Young man obtains a fruit from which a girl comes out (rare: two girls from two fruits, both remain with the man). The episode of the loss of girls who were inside other fruits is absent, Cf. motif k33c6




Motif

k136a1


Name_eng: 
Youth’s hair picked up from a river
Description: 

A woman finds the youth’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner




Motif

m195c


Name_eng: 
Smart or lucky one solves problems
Description: 

Persons of high status cannot reveal the hidden difference between two or more objects or creatures (or two sides of an objects of creature) which look similar. A smart or lucky person of lower status does it




Motif

k32a


Name_eng: 
Travelling man leaves his wife or daughter for a short time
Description: 

A man travels with his wife or daughter. Another woman or a demonic person replaces her when the man goes away for a short time or (rare) falls asleep




Motif

k27z6


Name_eng: 
The stone of pity
Description: 

Being a victim of the injustice and after much suffering, a young woman speaks with a certain inanimate objects (often it is “the stone of pity”) telling it her sad story or her husband does it. The woman is rescued and the justice reinstated





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Toraja (Toradja), To Mori, Barée (=Eastern Toraja)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Avar, Andi, Akhvakh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Abkhaz
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Serbs, Monte Negro,
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bulgarians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kuki, Chiru, Falam (Hallam), Chin (Meitei =Manipuri, Khami, =Kumi), Lakher, Mizo (Lushei), Anal, Pawi (Lai), Purum, Koireng, Milhiem, Kolhen, Mru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Chin-Naga: Ao, Mao, Sema, Zeme, Liangmai, Kolren, Kom, Lhota, Rengma, Angami, Kabui, Tangkhul, Koirenf
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Indian literary tradition (Vedic, Brahman, Purana, Indian Buddhism, Hinduism, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Panchtantra, Jatakas); iconography of Hindu temples
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Punjabi, Seraiki (Multani)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tamil, Muthuvan, Marvar
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Arabs of Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan); Bedouins of Sinai
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sinhalese; Vedda
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Persians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kond (Khond, Kondh; language is Kui, incl Kuttia, Konda-Dora), Koya; Pengo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Indian literary tradition (Vedic, Brahman, Purana, Indian Buddhism, Hinduism, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Panchtantra, Jatakas); iconography of Hindu temples
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Telugu (incl. Yanadi, Chenchu)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Kannada, Lingayat, Halakki
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)