Indian literary tradition (Vedic, Brahman, Purana, Indian Buddhism, Hinduism, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Panchtantra, Jatakas); iconography of Hindu temples



Tradition title rus: 
Письменная традиция (Веды, Брахманы, Пураны, индийский буддизм, индуизм, Рамаяна, Махабхарата, Панчатантра, Джатаки); иконография индуистских храмов
Areal ID: 
5.6.1.1
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
239.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
119.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a2a


Name_eng: 
The sun is a source of distructive heat
Description: 

The world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)




Motif

a4


Name_eng: 
Female sun
Description: 

The Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female




Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

a12


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: monster’s attack
Description: 

Some creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light




Motif

a12c


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: reptiles and fish
Description: 

During an eclipse or at the sunset the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a reptile (a snake, a lizard, a dragon, a crocodile) or a fish




Motif

a31


Name_eng: 
The incestuous Moon
Description: 

As a result of some intimate contacts and/or love affair, the Moon acquires its present appearance (often, the stains on his face) and/or ascends to the sky




Motif

a32


Name_eng: 
Figure on lunar disc
Description: 

A figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)




Motif

a32a


Name_eng: 
The Moon rabbit
Description: 

Rabbit or hare are seen in the moon




Motif

a35


Name_eng: 
Spots on the lunar disc
Description: 

Dark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure




Motif

a46


Name_eng: 
The Sun and Moon emerge from the eyes of a being
Description: 

The Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) appear from eyes of an anthropomorphic being




Motif

b2a


Name_eng: 
The female earth
Description: 

The earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman




Motif

b2d


Name_eng: 
Marriage of the sky and the earth
Description: 

The male Sky (the Sun, the Thunder, the creator of the sky) marries the female Earth (or its female creator) or the female Sky marries the male Earth




Motif

b3a


Name_eng: 
Primeval waters
Description: 

Water is the original element, the dry earth appears later




Motif

b3b


Name_eng: 
Earth grows big
Description: 

Original earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance




Motif

b42


Name_eng: 
Cosmic hunt
Description: 

Certain stars or constellations are interpreted as hunters, their dogs and game that the hunters pursue




Motif

b42b


Name_eng: 
Sky hunters pursue an ungulate
Description: 

In the cosmic hunt tale the game pursued by the hunters is an ungulate (elk, deer, mountain sheep, etc.)




Motif

b43


Name_eng: 
Purusha
Description: 

Parts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe




Motif

b46


Name_eng: 
Big Dipper is seven men
Description: 

Every one of the seven main stars of the Ursa mayor is a an adult man




Motif

b77


Name_eng: 
Primeval sky close to earth
Description: 

Originally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up




Motif

b77a


Name_eng: 
Giant pushed the sky up
Description: 

One or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height




Motif

b79


Name_eng: 
Cosmic egg
Description: 

From the primeval egg, eggs, or egg-like ball emerge the earth, the sky, sky bodies, different animals (all or part of the items of this list)




Motif

b83


Name_eng: 
Bag too heavy to be lifted up
Description: 

Person tries to pick up a small object or creature but it proves to be of enormous weight (and size)




Motif

b86


Name_eng: 
Babylonian tower
Description: 

To reach the sky (the Sun, Moon, particular star), people build a ladder or tower that consists of separate modules (bricks, logs, sticks, etc.). This construction collapses




Motif

c2


Name_eng: 
Deluge and conflagration combined
Description: 

Inhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water




Motif

c6


Name_eng: 
Valuables brought from the lower world
Description: 

Persons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)




Motif

c6d


Name_eng: 
The aquisition of the earth from the lower world
Description: 

The dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)




Motif

c6g


Name_eng: 
The diver is a wild boar
Description: 

A wild boar brings the earth from under the water and/or spills it over the water




Motif

c19


Name_eng: 
Acquisition of the sun
Description: 

The Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)




Motif

c36


Name_eng: 
The final battle
Description: 

Gods fight with their powerful adversaries at the decisive battle that changes fate of the world




Motif

d4l


Name_eng: 
Fire from the sky
Description: 

First fire is sent to earth from the sky or the ancestors ascend to the sky and bring from there fire or warmth




Motif

e11


Name_eng: 
The burned skin
Description: 

Magic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)




Motif

e31a


Name_eng: 
Creators and rescuers of a girl
Description: 

Several men take part in rescuing, creation or reanimation of a girl (rare: a bird) or several women take part in the reanimation of a dead man or they differetly express their grief. It is asked whose role was crucial (who behavior more noble) and/or who should be the spouse of the reanimated person. Or three men make something valuable and it is asked whose role in the corresponding enterprise was more important




Motif

e38a


Name_eng: 
Woman gives birth to many embryos
Description: 

Woman gives birth to a gourd, a bag (with eggs), a piece of meat. The flesh is cut into pieces which turn into people or many people come out of the gourd or bag




Motif

e38b


Name_eng: 
People from gourd
Description: 

After the world cataclysm or in the beginning of times a gourd survives or appears, new people come out of it




Motif

f4


Name_eng: 
Child born in jug
Description: 

In the beginning of times, a particular person or children in general was or were conceived and grown up in pots, heaps of mud, etc. and not in a womb




Motif

f45


Name_eng: 
The Amazons
Description: 

There are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages




Motif

f70


Name_eng: 
Potiphar's wife: false accusation of sexual abuse
Description: 

Woman makes vain overtures to young man and/or falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. Her husband believes that the young man is guilty, kills or tries to kill him




Motif

f70a


Name_eng: 
Disordered clothes as evidence against innocent man
Description: 

To accuse a man or boy of (sexual) abbuse, a woman tears her clothes, smears or scratches her body pretending to be attacked




Motif

f70b


Name_eng: 
Revenge of a rejected woman
Description: 

A woman revenges on a man who rejected her love but necessary not pretends to be an object of sexual harassment from his part




Motif

f98


Name_eng: 
God and a cow
Description: 

Anthropomorphic god descends from the sky and copulates with a cow




Motif

f99


Name_eng: 
Baby copulates with his mother
Description: 

A baby son turns into an adult man, copulates with his mother, then acquires his baby guise




Motif

f100


Name_eng: 
Test of chastity (a queen and a servant girl)
Description: 

A magic medicine demonstrates that the only chaste woman is a servant girl, orphan, etc. King chooses the chaste one




Motif

h5


Name_eng: 
People and snakes
Description: 

Reptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death




Motif

h7


Name_eng: 
The personified Death
Description: 

Death (also Old Age, Disease, etc.) is a particular person not identical with the Master of the Dead. He kills people usually carrying away their souls




Motif

h39


Name_eng: 
Snakes become dangerous (the spilled poison)
Description: 

Certain creatures (snakes, insects) get access to special substance that proved to be out of control and become poisonous or immortal; creatures obtain their characteristics (usually becomes poisonous) after drinking or licking a particular medicine




Motif

h49


Name_eng: 
Pet defends master’s child
Description: 

A dog or other animal kills dangerous creature who was going to attack the child. The master thinks that the assailant was the pet and kills it




Motif

h55


Name_eng: 
Sinners in other world
Description: 

Person who visits the other world gets to see different people punished or rewarded according to their behavior when they were alive on earth




Motif

i8e1


Name_eng: 
Four supports of the world
Description: 

The sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)




Motif

i8f


Name_eng: 
One support of the world
Description: 

Only one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky




Motif

i11


Name_eng: 
Cosmic turtle or toad
Description: 

A turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment




Motif

i13a


Name_eng: 
The horned serpent
Description: 

Giant water-chthonic or sky serpent or dragon has horns or antlers on its head




Motif

i22


Name_eng: 
Objects in permanent movement
Description: 

There are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)




Motif

i27


Name_eng: 
Chthonic canine
Description: 

A dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead




Motif

i40


Name_eng: 
Rainbow bow
Description: 

Rainbow is a bow




Motif

i44


Name_eng: 
Chthonic serpent
Description: 

Giant serpent lies on the perimeter of the earth or supports the earth




Motif

i50


Name_eng: 
Ungulate animal with more than four legs
Description: 

An ungulate animal (a horse, an elk, a moose) with six or more legs is described or represented in art




Motif

i51a


Name_eng: 
Bull the earth-holder
Description: 

Big mammal supports the earth




Motif

i62


Name_eng: 
Milky Way is a river
Description: 

Milky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim




Motif

i72


Name_eng: 
Stars are people
Description: 

Stars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)




Motif

i75


Name_eng: 
World ages
Description: 

Before present world, several (two or more) other worlds or races of people existed




Motif

i82a


Name_eng: 
Venus is male
Description: 

Morning and/or Evening Star is a male personage




Motif

i100


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are girls
Description: 

The Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)




Motif

i100b


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a group of people
Description: 

The Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)




Motif

i103


Name_eng: 
The dog star
Description: 

Sirius is associated with a dog or a wolf




Motif

j26


Name_eng: 
Babies come out of the water
Description: 

Baby heroes, embryos or objects from which they emerge are found in a river or lake or come to people out of the water




Motif

k2


Name_eng: 
The destroyed ladder
Description: 

Hero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)




Motif

k2a


Name_eng: 
Hero marooned in the underworld
Description: 

Hero is sent to the lower world though a well, precipice, etc. After he obtains valuables (young women), his envious companions cut the rope to get rid of him but he succeeds in returning back




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k8d


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by anthropomorphic being
Description: 

Person (often an animal-person) gets into the belly of anthropomorphic being. He kills it from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k12


Name_eng: 
Woman is lost and returned
Description: 

By trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back




Motif

k24a


Name_eng: 
Supernatural male hides clothes of human girl
Description: 

Supernatural male person (often a snake, a dragon) hides clothes of a human girl or sits on it. To return her clothes she had to become his wife




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k27n


Name_eng: 
Difficult tasks of the in-laws
Description: 

A man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage




Motif

k27s


Name_eng: 
Contest: a race
Description: 

Contest: a race




Motif

k37a


Name_eng: 
To recognize a man
Description: 

Person must recognize her (or his) son or husband among several identical persons or animals




Motif

k38d


Name_eng: 
Monster blocks waters
Description: 

A monster blocks sources of water (or sends floods) and usually gives some (promises not to send floods) in exchange for human victims or valuables. Hero kills the monster




Motif

k76


Name_eng: 
A strange son
Description: 

A boy born into a family or found by his adoptive parents has a strange guise (ball of meat, nut, bag, half of a man, an animal). He possesses magic power, becomes a handsome man and usually marries a girl of high social status. The magic spouse of a princess originally has a non-human or monstrous appearance




Motif

k76b


Name_eng: 
Snake son and snake husband
Description: 

An (adoptive) son is a snake who turns into handsome man. The snake is the magic spouse of princess, lost and returned




Motif

k77a


Name_eng: 
Small objects and animals defeat the ogre
Description: 

Small objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies




Motif

k77c


Name_eng: 
Ones who hide in a house frighten dangerous enemy
Description: 

Objects and/or domestic animals live in a house. When dangerous enemy comes, they attack him, he dies or escapes (all texts with K77A and K77B included)




Motif

k108


Name_eng: 
A revived wife betrays her husband
Description: 

Wife dies, husband revives her, she abandons him for another man and is punished




Motif

l5c


Name_eng: 
Rolling head is a dangerous monster
Description: 

Rolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)




Motif

l14


Name_eng: 
Reared up serpent
Description: 

A small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)




Motif

l17b


Name_eng: 
Two faces
Description: 

Person or creature has another face (another mouth) on the back of his (her, its) head




Motif

l18


Name_eng: 
Multi-headed bird
Description: 

A bird with two or more heads on top of one body is described in tales or represented in art




Motif

l19b


Name_eng: 
Beings with odd number of heads
Description: 

Being (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads




Motif

l38a


Name_eng: 
A sticky trap
Description: 

Person sticks to an object, usually touching it one by one with his body members. The object is a trap of demonic creature or is a non human creature itself




Motif

l61


Name_eng: 
Endocannibal
Description: 

Person devours his or her own flesh or disembowels himself or herself




Motif

l72


Name_eng: 
The obstacle flight
Description: 

Running away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer




Motif

l85


Name_eng: 
One-sided people
Description: 

One-sided people have one leg and/or also one arm, one half of a head, etc. The second leg is not cut or burned off, preserved as a stump but is absent completely




Motif

l85a


Name_eng: 
One-sided child
Description: 

Person is born as half of a child or loses his or her half in an accident. The person does not belong to any category of supernatural beings and usually turns into normal girl or young man




Motif

l90


Name_eng: 
Mouth from the earth to the sky
Description: 

Monster's upper lip (fang, horn, etc.) touches the sky, lower touches the ground




Motif

l100


Name_eng: 
Transformation flight
Description: 

A youth and a girl who run away from pursuer transform themselves into a pair of persons, creatures or objects (pond and duck, church and priest, etc.) in order to escape detection by the pursuer




Motif

l106


Name_eng: 
Lost object claimed back
Description: 

An antagonist makes a demand to the hero which is correct in form but really is unjustified. The hero fulfills the claims or is punished. Now antagonist takes an object or animal possessed by the hero, is unable to give it back and is punished




Motif

l107


Name_eng: 
The ear-sleepers
Description: 

Anthropomorphic beings have huge ears (use them for blankets, umbrellas, etc.)




Motif

l112


Name_eng: 
Complete body obtained
Description: 

A boy is born having only half of a body or only a head. Ultimately he obtains normal body




Motif

m29b


Name_eng: 
Trickster-fox, jackal or coyote
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote




Motif

m29g


Name_eng: 
Trickster-hare or rabbit
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit




Motif

m29o


Name_eng: 
Trickster is a monkey
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is a monkey




Motif

m30


Name_eng: 
Trickster falls down
Description: 

Person or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return




Motif

m57a


Name_eng: 
Beads discharged from the body
Description: 

Instead of common body discharges a man or a woman urinates, spits, etc. beads, flowers, gold and other valuables; valuables are produced by the very presence of particular person




Motif

m83


Name_eng: 
Who is older?
Description: 

Somebody claims that he has been born before present world came into being. His opponent claims the same, and they argue who of them is the older




Motif

m85


Name_eng: 
The fox bluffs
Description: 

An animal person (usually a fox or a jackal) threatens to cut down a tree on which mother bird (squirrel) made its nest unless she will throw down one of her nestlings (squirrel children) or eggs. Another bird lets the mother bird know that the predator is unable to realize his threat




Motif

m110


Name_eng: 
The forgotten liver
Description: 

An animal is tricked to be carried across the water by those who are going to eat or to use as a medicine a part of its body. The animal tells that forgot to take just that part which is needed, is carried back to take it, escapes




Motif

m114


Name_eng: 
Rope of sand
Description: 

Person is suggested to twist (or he really twists) a rope or make other object of sand, ash, smoke, etc.




Motif

m117


Name_eng: 
Head under wing
Description: 

Fox or other predator asks a bird what does it do when the wind blows. When the bird demonstrates how it puts its head under its wing, the fox kills it




Motif

m137


Name_eng: 
The weak predator imitates the strong one
Description: 

The weak predator tries to imitate the strong one but is unable to accomplish actions that the strong one does easily




Motif

m145


Name_eng: 
The lion in a well
Description: 

A weak (animal) person demonstrates a strong one his reflection in water. The latter believes that an animal like he contests his supremacy, invites him for a visit, etc., usually jumps in and drowns




Motif

m151


Name_eng: 
Hello, house!
Description: 

Dangerous animal pretends to be an inanimate object, dead or absent. The potential victim sais aloud that the real dead (object, place) has to act in a particular way or to say particular words. The animal does accordingly betraying himself.




Motif

m156


Name_eng: 
The ungrateful one returned to captivity
Description: 

An (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)




Motif

m166


Name_eng: 
Piece among animals
Description: 

To lure his potential victim down from a tree, a predator pretends not to be dangerous (usually announces that it has been decreed that all animals are united in piece). The victim is dubious and usually asks the predator to announce the same news to the dogs. The predator runs away




Motif

m167


Name_eng: 
A tiger taken for a bull
Description: 

During the night a strong predator (a tiger, a lion, etc.) and a thief not knowing about each other get into stable to steal a domestic animal. The thief takes the predator for domestic animal or for a person and acts accordingly




Motif

m177


Name_eng: 
But he had no heart at all
Description: 

A weak predator eats part of a body of a killed animal and explain to the strong one that this animal did not have such a part at all




Motif

b46c


Name_eng: 
Big Dipper is seven persons or animals
Description: 

Every main star of the Big Dipper is interpreted as a particular person or animal




Motif

c6i


Name_eng: 
Dirt stuck to body turns into the earth
Description: 

Bird or animal returns from the lower world smeared with dirt. It shakes itself or the dirt is scraped off. The dirt turns into the earth




Motif

m182


Name_eng: 
The tarbaby
Description: 

The (animal) person threatens another to beat him and sticks to him with all his limbs in succession. Usually it is a figure smeared with some sticky substance that the person takes for somebody alive




Motif

c30a


Name_eng: 
A pound of flesh
Description: 

A contract entitles the lender of a sum of money to cut a certain amount of flesh (or eye, head, limb, etc.) from the debtor’s body if the load is not repaid in time. The lender cannot cut out the flesh being unable to fulfill a condition that looks logical but is practically absurd




Motif

k60c


Name_eng: 
Touchy with king, patient with stableman
Description: 

King’s wife is extremely touchy and cannot suffer a slightest pain. She does not say a word, however, when her lover who is a servant or a demon is beating her




Motif

k14a


Name_eng: 
Thrown into the oven himself
Description: 

An antagonist orders to kill the first one who will come in the morning to a certain place. The hero becomes late by chance, the antagonist or his wife or son come and are thrown into the fire




Motif

m75b1


Name_eng: 
Marco the Rich
Description: 

A respected man gets to know that a poor boy must inherit all his property or become a king and tries to prevent it, but the fate cannot be changed




Motif

k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)


Name_eng: 
Competitions and difficult tasks
Description: 

Person is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life




Motif

l100d


Name_eng: 
The entrapped suitors
Description: 

A pretty, faithful wife is courted by one or several men, one of them usually a clergyman. With her husband’s consent, she invites the suitor(s) to a private rendezvous. Before the first man’s wishes are gratified, the next one arrives and then the husband himself. The suitor or suitors are caught in an uncomfortable position and then killed, punished in some other manner, ridiculed, made to pay ransom, to work, etc.




Motif

k75a


Name_eng: 
Thrown apple hits the chosen one
Description: 

Boy or girl selects one person among many throwing an object (usually an apple) into him or her. This way a girl makes a choice of a husband, a young man of a bride, a boy identifies his father




Motif

m198


Name_eng: 
Wise brothers (the king is bastard)
Description: 

When three brothers (rare: a person) are Invited to khan (judge, king, etc.) and served delicious food, they claim that the food and drink have a taste (smell) of a corpse, dog, goat etc. and/or their host is of a low descent or a bastard. Investigation confirms that their deduction was correct




Motif

b42h


Name_eng: 
The Belt of Orion is the game, other star is the hunter
Description: 

The Belt of Orion is the animal or three animals, other star (of the Orion or outside of this constellation) is the hunter




Motif

b87


Name_eng: 
Alcor
Description: 

Alcor (a weak star near the second star of the handle of the Big Dipper) is selected as a particular sky object




Motif

b46a


Name_eng: 
Stolen star of the Pleiades
Description: 

One of the stars of the Pleiades was separated from others (usually abducted) by stars of Big Dipper and now is seen among them)




Motif

b42h1


Name_eng: 
Hunter's arrow hits the animal
Description: 

In context of the Cosmic Hunt myth one of the stars (group of stars) is an arrow or a bullet which hit the animal or three animals identified with the Belt of Orion




Motif

i87a2


Name_eng: 
What is Two?
Description: 

Antagonist names numbers from one to seven or nine, every time asking what it is. The hero gives answers that the antagonist accepts as correct ones.




Motif

i41


Name_eng: 
Rainbow serpent
Description: 

Rainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail




Motif

i41a


Name_eng: 
Rainbow from anthill or termite nest
Description: 

Rainbow rises from an anthill




Motif

k107b


Name_eng: 
Not to light a candle
Description: 

One of the spouses prohibits another to see him or her. When the other breaks the taboo (intentionally or by chance) the first one disappears (is in trouble)




Motif

m39e1


Name_eng: 
The eaten up iron and the kidnapped child
Description: 

A man steals money or property. The owner gets his property back after he or his helper puts the theft in such a position when the best choice for him becomes to return what he has stolen (usually the first man kidnaps a child of the second one)




Motif

k116b


Name_eng: 
The girl in the box is replaced with ferocious dog
Description: 

To get a girl in his possession, the antagonist creates a situation when her relations must put her in a box (barrel, bag, etc.) and then abandon, throw it into the river or give it to him. The girl is imperceptibly replaced with a ferocious dog or other animal. Usually when the antagonist opens the box, the animal kills or injures him




Motif

m161


Name_eng: 
A dog in the bag
Description: 

Person gives another (often a fox) a bag putting inside a dog instead of food; or he makes free a girl who was kept in the bag and replaces her with a dog. The dog attacks the one who opened the bag




Motif

i85


Name_eng: 
Polaris is a pole, a nail
Description: 

Polaris is a (tethering) pole or a nail




Motif

i85a


Name_eng: 
Animals walk around Polaris
Description: 

Hoofed animals are walking around Polaris or the movement of stars is compared with the movement of animals around a post




Motif

m113


Name_eng: 
For certain bird water is taboo
Description: 

During the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain




Motif

b72b


Name_eng: 
A girl flies away as a bird
Description: 

A girl (rare: boy) turns into bird and flies away when her mother (father or other adult person in whose house she lives) does not give her food, water or makes her feel offended in other way




Motif

m154


Name_eng: 
The animal language and the stubborn wife
Description: 

A man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.




Motif

m196


Name_eng: 
The silence wager
Description: 

A man and his wife make a wager: Whoever speaks first must do certain trivial work or get a bigger portion of some simple food. They or one of them continue to keep silence even being exposed to violence or taken by others as the dead




Motif

k153


Name_eng: 
Grateful animals, ungrateful man
Description: 

Человек оказывает услугу нескольким (потенциально опасным) животным и другому человеку. Благодарные животные помогают ему, а человек предает и вредит




Motif

k99a1


Name_eng: 
Smart man is rescued from prison
Description: 

An imprisoned man is rescued and exalted because only he gets to resolve problems that trouble the king or to save the princess (prince, the king himself)




Motif

l96b


Name_eng: 
The yogi boiled in his own pot of oil
Description: 

A man comes into the power of a yogi or demon. He asks the man to walk round the boiling pot of oil or to prostrate himself before the image of a deity. The man asks him to show how to do it and pushes him in or the pot or beheads him




Motif

e31c


Name_eng: 
Rescuers of an abducted girl
Description: 

Every one of several men had learned a unique skill thanks to which they save a girl abducted by demon or animal




Motif

m39h


Name_eng: 
Husband pretends to become blind (The faithless wife)
Description: 

A married woman is eager to get rid of her husband and usually asks a spirit (God, saint, etc.) to make him blind. The husband hides in a tree, behind the alter, etc. and usually tells her that good food will make her husnad blind, or the husband himself tells his wife that the good food is dangerous for him. He pretends to become blind, kills the love (and his wife)




Motif

k138


Name_eng: 
Exchange of bodies (king and his minister)
Description: 

Person gets an ability to enter a dead body and revive it. His own body remains dead for this time. Another person takes it for himself while the first one remains in an animal’s body




Motif

m199


Name_eng: 
Squeezing the (supposed) stone
Description: 

A man or a weak animal and an ogre (giant, devil) have a contest to see which of them can squeeze a stone. The man squeezes a cheese (egg, turnip) and thus intimidates the ogre




Motif

b116


Name_eng: 
The first book eaten up
Description: 

An animal or a person eats up the first book (writing, important document). (In some of European traditions the eating up of the book is not directly described but follows from the context)




Motif

k93b2


Name_eng: 
Conception from eaten fruit
Description: 

After eating a fruit (usually an apple, in Northern traditions also an egg), the sterile woman gives birth to a son or twins




Motif

m148


Name_eng: 
Animal agrees to be eaten up
Description: 

One animal person persuades another to agree to be eaten up, usually promising a reward after the resurrection. The fool agrees and is eaten up




Motif

h49b


Name_eng: 
The faithful dog as security for a debt
Description: 

A man gives his dog to another man. The dog proves to be brave and intelligent (drives off thieves, finds stolen treasure). The man who received the dog sends it back with a message of thanks. The owner, thinking the dog has run away, kills it and after this finds the letter




Motif

m23a


Name_eng: 
“Soak me before eating”
Description: 

A turtle explains that before to be eaten he has to be soaked in water in order to soften his shell. When he gets into water, he swims away




Motif

m188


Name_eng: 
The painted jackal
Description: 

Animal person is highly respected by others after he changes his looks by chance; is smeared with a paint or gets a necklace-like object around his neck which he is unable to pull off




Motif

m130c


Name_eng: 
The mouse and the lion (the help of the weak)
Description: 

When a lion (tiger, bear, elephant, man) gets into a trap, a mouse (rat) makes him free (usually bites through the ropes)




Motif

m29w3


Name_eng: 
The lion is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m29b1


Name_eng: 
The wolf is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolf suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m101a


Name_eng: 
Animals learn to fear men
Description: 

A big predator (bear, lion, tiger) boasts about being stronger than a man. Being told that it’s not so, he finds a man and suggests to struggle but is killed or badly injured as a result. Cf. motif M101




Motif

k27v3


Name_eng: 
To shoot an arrow though the ring
Description: 

Person must shoot an arrow through a small ring or several rings




Motif

k27z2a2


Name_eng: 
Unrecognized wife visits her husband
Description: 

A man marries a woman but abandons her without consummating his marriage. She visits him in disguise and ultimately he gets to know who was his beautiful companion. Usually the wife gives birth to his son (three sons) and upon seeing the boy, the man realizes that it is his own child




Motif

k88


Name_eng: 
The two travellers (Truth and Falsehood)
Description: 

Two men travel or argue about whether truth or falsehood (justice or injustice, etc.) is more powerful. The evil one abandons the good one robbing or blinding (maiming) him but the good one gets back his sight and becomes rich. The evil one usually perishes




Motif

m75b3


Name_eng: 
The Trojan Horse: victory over enemies
Description: 

A life-size or larger than life-size figure of a horse or a bull is demonstrated to enemies. They do not understand that this is a stratagem and carry the figure to their territory. As a result, the invasion becomes possible and the enemies are defeated




Motif

m141b


Name_eng: 
The animals flee in fear of the end of the world
Description: 

A small bird or animal (chicken, cat, mouse, etc.) takes a trivial event (a leaf or an acorn falls, etc.) for a catastrophe (a war, the end of the world, the fall of the sky, etc.) and flees. Other animals share its fear and go along with it.




Motif

m136b


Name_eng: 
Cutting off the branch
Description: 

Man sitting on branch of a tree cuts it off and similar variants (man climbs a rope and cuts it off; men cut a tree and climb on it to fell it; man climbs with difficulty on a dead branch of a tree, which breaks off)




Motif

m136c


Name_eng: 
The man takes seriously the prediction of death
Description: 

Considering indirect signs or somebody’s word, a numskull thinks that he is dead and lies motionless




Motif

m91c5


Name_eng: 
The wager that sheep are hogs
Description: 

A man (a boy) drives his cow (or any other domestic animal of a big size) to market. A trickster who would like to buy the animal cheaply tries to convince him that it is a sheep (or any other smaller and cheaper animal). Trickster’s accomplices confirm his opinion and the man sells his cow for the price of a sheep




Motif

m136d


Name_eng: 
The air castles
Description: 

A person plans to turn his (future) possessions into a great wealth (milk, eggs, small money, animal to be killed, etc.) but imagining this wealth, he destroys what he already has (eggs are broken, the animal runs away, etc.). Or two persons are involved into quarrel about possessions that they do not yet have




Motif

h44a


Name_eng: 
Sky and Earth divide their children
Description: 

Two persons, one of whom is connected with the sky (water, spirit world) and another with the earth (human world), divide their child or people created by them. Sky (spirit, Water) takes the imperishable part, and Earth (person), the perishable one




Motif

m30d


Name_eng: 
The tortoise lets itself be carried by birds
Description: 

An animal (usually a tortoise) is carried up into the air by two birds who hold onto a stick which the tortoise holds in its mouth




Motif

m39e1a


Name_eng: 
The iron-eating mice
Description: 

Person claims that iron or gold disappeared being eaten by mice




Motif

k38f


Name_eng: 
The dragon-slayer
Description: 

A reptile monster demands humans (usually virgins) as a sacrifice or abducts a girl or closes sources of water. Hero kills him. Monster’s victims do not play an active part in the plot




Motif

k131b


Name_eng: 
Magic objects are exchanged and returned
Description: 

A man loses a magic object that he got before but gets it back thanks to another object (a cudgel, a box with soldiers, etc.) that is exchanged for the first one or obtained by the man’s brother. The episode can be repeated several times




Motif

m195b


Name_eng: 
The three dolls
Description: 

Person inserts a spike (thread, wire, etc.) into the ear of every of the two or three dolls (skulls). Each time the result is different, the spike comes out of different openings (or does not enter, or sticks inside, etc.). The dolls (skulls) represent different sorts of persons (inattentive and superfluous, wise, etc.)




Motif

i27c


Name_eng: 
The four-eyed dog
Description: 

Dogs having spots over the eyes are called the four-eyed and believed to have special properties (e.g. to see ghosts)




Motif

m167a


Name_eng: 
A tiger who is afraid of Twilight
Description: 

A strong predator (usually a tiger) overhears a person saying that he fears something worse than a tiger The word is unknown to the tiger (twilight, etc). Thinking it must be a terrible thing he hides and then runs away




Motif

f47


Name_eng: 
Pieces of flesh turn to people
Description: 

A living creature or a lump of alive flesh is cut into pieces which are diepersed around. After some time every piece turns into human being




Motif

m29k1 Not used in statistics


Name_eng: 
The turtle (toad, frog) is a tricky failure
Description: 

A turtle (tortoise, toad, frog) behaves foolishly creating serious problems for himself




Motif

a12g


Name_eng: 
Revenge on the Moon for his denunciation
Description: 

Person tries to eclipse the Moon because the Moon has reported on the person’s crime




Motif

m191b


Name_eng: 
Ingratitude and injury are hard to forget
Description: 

A man feeds a snake (rare: a fish; does not do it any harm) and the snake makes him rich (is friendly). His son (rare: someone else or the man himself) injures the snake (kills its young) and dies (if son; because of the bite). The snake refuses to keep former friendship with the man: both of them remember the inflicted pain




Motif

k173


Name_eng: 
Placidas
Description: 

A powerful and rich man loses everything that he has, is separated with his wife and children and they with each other. Later he obtains everything back, his family is united again




Motif

m29b3


Name_eng: 
The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

f3


Name_eng: 
A man eats woman’s pregnancy medicine
Description: 

A man gives birth after accidentally eating pregnency medicine. The child appears from a swelling on his leg or otherwise but the man remains alive




Motif

g23b


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into nations
Description: 

Different body parts of a being turn into people of different ethnic affiliation or such people receive their names and characteristics according to body parts that they got




Motif

k160a


Name_eng: 
Demon’s answers to his wife’s questions
Description: 

A woman who lives in the house of a supernatural person conceals the man who had come to her and puts questions to this person. The answers that are received and became known to the man are of great importance for him




Motif

m29o1


Name_eng: 
The monkey is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the monkey suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

b33f


Name_eng: 
Night that unwinds her yarn
Description: 

Thanks to activity of a person (usually the old woman who winds or unwinds yarn, threads, etc.), the night and the day alternate with each other




Motif

b121


Name_eng: 
A bird is eager to fill up the sea
Description: 

There are creatures who hibernate having frozen snot under their noses




Motif

b102a


Name_eng: 
Clouds are cows
Description: 

Clouds are associated with cattle (and rain is the milk of the cloud coes)




Motif

l16b


Name_eng: 
Eyes on the body
Description: 

All the body of a person is covered with eyes




Motif

k176


Name_eng: 
A man in search of the woman
Description: 

A (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife




Motif

i35c


Name_eng: 
God the craftsman
Description: 

One of mythological characters using his skills in crafts creates for the first time tools and valuable cultural and natural objects; is a patron of craftsmen (usually of blacksmiths)




Motif

h16a


Name_eng: 
Rivers of blood
Description: 

Rivers (lakes) of blood (also of puss, bones, sweat or water used for washing of corpses) are mentioned in narratives (in different context)




Motif

b33f1


Name_eng: 
Mistress of night and day
Description: 

Committing particular acts, an (old) woman defines alternation of night and day




Motif

a19c


Name_eng: 
The sun horse
Description: 

The Sun is associated with a horseman or rides in a cart driven by horses (equids)




Motif

a19c1


Name_eng: 
The sun cart
Description: 

The sun or the moon moves in a cart or sledge




Motif

b2f


Name_eng: 
Difficult funerals
Description: 

(While the earth is still absent or liquid), a bird buries its relative in its own head that usually explains its appearance (a swell on its beak, a crest of feathers) or unpleasant smell




Motif

l19b1


Name_eng: 
The seven-headed monster
Description: 

Описывается или изображается чудовище (обычно змей) о семи головах. При перечисления существ по мере возрастания у них числа голов ряд заканчивается на семи




Motif

k27z9


Name_eng: 
Why the fish laughed
Description: 

A (dried) fish (water-spirit, satyr, etc.) laughs, smiles or spits because a man disguised as a woman lives in the house




Motif

k154


Name_eng: 
A skull with an inscription
Description: 

A man picks up a skull with an enigmatic and ominous inscription on it. Later its meaning becomes clear




Motif

k154a


Name_eng: 
Men in the harem
Description: 

Solving a riddle, a boy or youth unmasks a daughter (wife, minister) of a powerful person: house-maids (or some of them) are men, the minister plans to kill his master)




Motif

k38f4


Name_eng: 
Fire-breathing monster
Description: 

From the mouth of a monstrous creature or person who is the enemy of the hero fire is coming out; its breath is fire




Motif

m156a


Name_eng: 
Objects that give the answers
Description: 

Dangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question




Motif

k67e


Name_eng: 
The woman as cuckoo in the tree
Description: 

The bargain between two persons is to end when a bird whose call is related to particular time of a temporal cycle will be heard. In order to hasten the contract’s end, another person imitates the bird. The first one recognizes the trick




Motif

i85c1


Name_eng: 
The rain stored in the sky
Description: 

In the sky there is a special container (vessel, skin, box, etc.) for storing the rain




Motif

k27o1


Name_eng: 
Head used as ball
Description: 

Severed human heads are compared with balls or used as balls




Motif

k118a


Name_eng: 
A portrait of an unknown beauty
Description: 

After seeing a portrait of an unknown beauty, a man is eager to meet her




Motif

k116c


Name_eng: 
Father is persuaded to put his daughter into the box
Description: 

To get a girl, a minister of religion persuades her father to put her into the box (barrel) and throw it into the river or abandon in a wilderness




Motif

k73


Name_eng: 
Children of the youngest wife
Description: 

A young woman promises to bear a wonderful children (wonderful son). In her husband's absence other people (co-wives, mother-in-law, etc.) try to kill the mother and/or the child, usually slandering the young woman




Motif

k73a


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with object or animal
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with an animal or an object (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to an animal or an object)




Motif

k73a3


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with a doll
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with a doll or statue (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a doll)




Motif

d4e


Name_eng: 
Coyote or fox obtain fire
Description: 

Coyote or fox bring people the fire, the daylight or the Sun




Motif

a2


Name_eng: 
Several suns
Description: 

In a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously




Motif

m13


Name_eng: 
The short-sighted wish is granted
Description: 

Some person makes a wish not taking in mind that his words can have other meaning or accidentally replacing one word with another. As a result, something quite undesirable takes place




Motif

m7a1


Name_eng: 
Celestial bodies move above the hero
Description: 

Person gets to a place from which he is unable to come out. Several (more than two) different celestial bodies rise and move near him or above him. He puts attention to them (and asks their help)




Motif

i50c


Name_eng: 
Šarabkha (animal with legs on its back)
Description: 

An ungulate animal with an additional set of legs on its back runs using in turns legs under its belly and on its back. Thanks to this it is indefatigable




Motif

e9i1


Name_eng: 
Swan-wife
Description: 

A man marries supernatural woman who is a swan




Motif

i4e


Name_eng: 
Storm-god as rider of the clouds
Description: 

An anthropomorphic sky-god (associated with the thunder and rain) rides on the clouds (uses them as a vehicle)




Motif

m57a2


Name_eng: 
Male person is the producer of valuables
Description: 

Instead of common body discharges a a man urinates, spits, etc. beads, flowers, gold and other valuables; valuables are produced by the very presence of particular male person. See motif m57a




Motif

i22g


Name_eng: 
Clapping rocks
Description: 

There are mountains or rocks which permanently collide and separate again from each other or a crack (jaws) in a vertical cliff which is opening and closing




Motif

a46a


Name_eng: 
The Sun and Moon are eyes of a deity
Description: 

The Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) are associated with eyes of an anthropomorphic being (the motif of their emergence, creation from his eyes is not obligatory)




Motif

e9


Name_eng: 
The mysterious housekeeper
Description: 

Person observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one




Motif

k27n3a


Name_eng: 
Task-giver is the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind (Cloud, Rain)




Motif

k38f5


Name_eng: 
Fire-breathing horse
Description: 

From the mouth of a horse fire is coming ot the horse itself is of fire




Motif

f3a


Name_eng: 
The pregnant man
Description: 

A man carries a child like a woman




Motif

m202


Name_eng: 
Thorn removed from lion’s paw
Description: 

Person removes a thorn from the paw (bone from the throat) of a strong and dangerous animal or a demon, the animal (demon) is grateful




Motif

k38e


Name_eng: 
Of copper, of silver, of gold
Description: 

Loci or objects of three (rare – four) different materials are mentioned in such a way that all of them have positive connotations though unequal value (copper, silver and gold; silver, gold and diamonds, etc.)




Motif

k99b


Name_eng: 
Eloping with the wrong man
Description: 

At night a girl’s lover has to carry her away but falls asleep or is late. She is carried away by another man who happened to be on the place




Motif

l81d


Name_eng: 
Two cripples fight and become healthy
Description: 

Two cripples with different injuries quarrel and fight after overcoming a demon that makes them unexpectedly healthy




Motif

m13


Name_eng: 
The short-sighted wish is granted
Description: 

Some person makes a wish not taking in mind that his words can have other meaning or accidentally replacing one word with another. As a result, something quite undesirable takes place




Motif

m39e2


Name_eng: 
The speaking tree
Description: 

Two men hide a treasure together but one of them steals it and accuses another. He suggests the judge to interview the tree and asks his father to hide in the hollow of the tree and to tell that another man is the thief. When the tree is ordered to be burned and the old man cries, the real thief is exposed




Motif

m57d2


Name_eng: 
Tree grants a wish
Description: 

When a man is going to fell a tree, the tree itself or the being who lives in (on) it asks him not to do it and grants the man’s wishes




Motif

d1b


Name_eng: 
Male spirit of fire
Description: 

The fire is personified as an elder man (alone or with his wife, mistress of fire)




Motif

i8i


Name_eng: 
Original earth unstable
Description: 

Originally the earth was unstable and swung, then it was fixed up




Motif

m30c


Name_eng: 
Flying person falls down after breaking taboo
Description: 

Person flies across the air but falls down when, despite warning, looks down to earth, flies above villages, becomes to talk, etc.




Motif

k76c1


Name_eng: 
Woman gives birth to a gourd
Description: 

Woman gives birth to a gourd which turns into person or which contains a person or people inside




Motif

c9


Name_eng: 
Warning about the coming flood
Description: 

God, animal, some person warns one of the people about the catastrophy (usuallly the flood) that will become soon and in which most of the people must perish




Motif

m195c


Name_eng: 
Smart or lucky one solves problems
Description: 

Persons of high status cannot reveal the hidden difference between two or more objects or creatures (or two sides of an objects of creature) which look similar. A smart or lucky person of lower status does it




Motif

k28


Name_eng: 
Father or uncle is rival and enemy
Description: 

Maternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him




Motif

k73a1


Name_eng: 
Baby child substituted with inanimate object
Description: 

Hostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with inanimate object and/or inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a stone, broom, doll, etc.





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition: Bondo, Didayi (Gata')
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Old and New Testament
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Ancient Italy: Latins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Persians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kond (Khond, Kondh; language is Kui, incl Kuttia, Konda-Dora), Koya; Pengo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Maria, Muria, and other South-Central Dravidians: Binjhwar, Baсор, Bhattra, Bom, Jhoria (=Jhodia), Gadaba (in Koraput, neighbors of Munda-speaking Gadaba), Duruwa (Parji), Mehtar; Pardhan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Central Tibetans (Yu Tsang, incl. Sikkim Tibetans, Tichurong of NW Nepal)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Early Chinese written sources
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Shanxi and Hebei Chinese

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Telugu (incl. Yanadi, Chenchu)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Marathi (incl. Bhamta; incl. Mumbai area)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Khmer
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bengali, Maithili
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Hindi-speaking peoples and casts (incl. Teli, Parahiya; incl. Chhattisgarhi) of Northern and West-Central India
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sinhalese; Vedda
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Punjabi, Seraiki (Multani)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Early Russian written sources
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Mongols of Inner Mongolia