Early Russian written sources



Tradition title rus: 
(Древне)русская письменная традиция
Areal ID: 
4.1.4.1
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
112.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
59.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12aEclipses: a predator animalDuring an eclipse or at other circumstances the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a predator animal (a bear, a feline, a canine, a racoon)
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a2cExtra suns are children of the present oneExtra suns who almost burned or could burn the world are children of the present one
a2c1The Sun abandons his marriage plansThe Sun plans to have children. One of the animals sais that if the Sun (marries and) has children, the earth will burn. The Sun has to abandon his plans.
b1Two male creatorsTwo male anthropomorphic creators compete in producing things. One of them is or becomes master of the underworld and/or spirits while another is associated with humans
b120The hibernation of snottish peopleThere are creatures who hibernate having frozen snot under their noses
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b42fUrsa major is an ungulateUrsa major (seven stars or only four stars of a dipper) is identified with an ungulate (elk, deer, mountain sheep, etc.)
b42tUrsa major is a big mammalSeven main stars of Ursa major are interpreted as a figure of a mammal: bear, deer, mountain sheep, camel, dog
b43PurushaParts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe
b52bSome earth is concealedPerson spits out earth that he swallowed or concealed otherwise. This way the broken landscape is created
b89Owl as a king of birdsOwl was or wanted to be king of birds or it behaved itself in a wrong way during the elections of the king. Now it avoids other birds and/or other birds chase it
b98The bat between birds and animalsBat (rare: ostrich) makes attempts to join sometimes animals and sometime birds or is excluded from both categories
b98aBat becomes an outcastThe bat becomes an outcast among other creatures (usually after it makes attempts to join first animals and then birds or vice versa)
c35Cosmic marriage cancelled It becomes known that if the Sun or the Sky marry, great calamity is inevitable. The marriage plans are given up
c35bFrog is the enemy of the SunThe frog (toad) prevents situation in which more than one Sun there were in the sky
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
c6cThe diver is a birdAn aquatic bird dives and brings the desired object from the bottom
c6c4The duck is successful diverThe duck (or an aquatic bird similar to the duck) dives and brings a piece of earth that is transformed into the dry land (it is the only or the only successful diver)
c6dThe aquisition of the earth from the lower worldThe dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)
c6j1The earth is brought by the God's enemyGod sends his enemy to bring earth from the bottom of the waterbody. In the beginning, the enemy or also the god can have guise of birds. When the earth is brought up and dry land created, two persons, now always anthropomorphic, are engaged into confrontation
f54OedipusA young man and a woman (Konkani: a young girl and a man) marry and later get to know that they commited incest
f54cRecognized by imprints of finger-nailsHusband notices imprints of finger-nails on his wife’s face and assembles all the men to recongize the culprit
f54eUnintentional killing of fatherA young man kills somebody and later gets to know that ut was his father
f97The prohibited fruit: origin of sexAfter eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become sexually aware
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g6aTree of the yearYear is described as a tree with the number of branches, twigs, leaves etc. corresponding to the number of seasons, months, days, etc.
h40Dog is the guard of manDog guards (successfully or unsuccessfully) the (still unfinished) physical body of man or the entrance to paradise
h41Death and the dogDog is responsible for people being mortal or imperfect. Usually the antagonist bribes dog with a warm fur and the dog lets him spoil the half-ready human figures
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h43One creates the body, another the soulOne supernatural creates the body of the first people, another revives them
h49Pet defends master’s childA dog or other animal kills dangerous creature who was going to attack the child. The master thinks that the assailant was the pet and kills it
h54bThe glance of deathPerson’s glance brings death (and destruction)
h55Sinners in other worldPerson who visits the other world gets to see different people punished or rewarded according to their behavior when they were alive on earth
h7The personified DeathDeath (also Old Age, Disease, etc.) is a particular person not identical with the Master of the Dead. He kills people usually carrying away their souls
h7dThe old man asks Death to help him to carry a loadAn old man has to carry a heavy load of wood. Tired and exhausted, he wishes for death. When Death appears he asks her to help him with the load
i13cSnake’s crownReptiles possess treasure which a person gets or tries to get. Usually it is a crown, jewel or small horns on the snake's head
i38The dog-headsSome beings are half-men and half-dogs (usually anthropomorphic with heads of dogs)
i48aFalling down into the underworldAt the terminal part of the narrative the antagonist of the hero descends into the underworld
i52Fish the earth-holderWorld is supported by fish or fish-like monster or the earth itself is such a monster
i78The square earthThe earth is square, the sky is usually round
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
k102a2Conflict between mother and son Mother tries to kill her son (children) because he interferes with her love affair
k144The predestined death because of an animalA certain animal or (rare) man is predicted to become a cause of death of a certain person. When this animal (man) is already dead himself or itself or is faraway, its (his) remains or image becomes the cause of the person’s death
k145aNot the animal but its picture killsIt is foretold that the person will die because of the animal. The person dies when the animal’s representation becomes alive or a statue representing the animal falls on him
k153Grateful animals, ungrateful manЧеловек оказывает услугу нескольким (потенциально опасным) животным и другому человеку. Благодарные животные помогают ему, а человек предает и вредит
k173PlacidasA powerful and rich man loses everything that he has, is separated with his wife and children and they with each other. Later he obtains everything back, his family is united again
k32gPunishment: torn apart by horsesTo punish an antagonist, he or she is tied to a horse (camel, bull) and dragged or he or she is torn apart (usually by horses)
k38fThe dragon-slayerA reptile monster demands humans (usually virgins) as a sacrifice or abducts a girl or closes sources of water. Hero kills him. Monster’s victims do not play an active part in the plot
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
k56cGolden axeA man loses an axe. A spirit or a powerful official suggests him a golden axe but the man does not accept it. The spirit (official) gives him axes of gold and silver as a reward for his honesty. Usually another man intentionally loses his axe, claims the golden one but receives nothing
k56fTo divide a chickenA divides the chicken among the members of a household (and guests) considering the symbolic meaning of particular parts (gives the master the head, his daughters the wings, etc.).
k63Hunting wild peopleA man gets to a country which inhabitants hunts of fish people whom they consider wild and equivalent to the real game or fish
k65Genii lociBeing thrown out, put into certain places, born by primeval couple some beings turn into spirits of particular loci
k65aSpirits fall from the skyBeing thrown down (usually from the sky), some beings get to different places and turn into spirits or animals with particular functions and names
k76aFrog as a marriage partnerFrog or toad marries a girl or a handsome youth marries a frog or road
k81The handless girlFor minor offence or because of false accusation a young girl or woman is maimed and expelled from home (rare: killed or she kills herself). The maimed person magically obtains her body integrity (the dead revives)
k8c2The swallowed mouseMouse swallowed by a big terrestrial animal cuts it open from the inside and comes out
l17Face on breastThere is a headless anthropomorphic being who has eyes and/or mouth on his or her breast
l19aBeings with even number of headsBeings (any besides birds) with even but not more than ten number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. Beings that with even number of heads named in a row with other multi-headed beings and the highest number is even or bigger than ten are not considered
l6Demon clings to personA demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back
m106fA guest from the paradiseA stranger tells a woman that he comes from the other world and had seen there her dead relative. The woman gives him money and goods for the latter. Usually when her husband goes after the trickster to retrieve the money, the trickster steals his horse
m110The forgotten liverAn animal is tricked to be carried across the water by those who are going to eat or to use as a medicine a part of its body. The animal tells that forgot to take just that part which is needed, is carried back to take it, escapes
m113For certain bird water is tabooDuring the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain
m113For certain bird water is tabooDuring the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain
m114Rope of sandPerson is suggested to twist (or he really twists) a rope or make other object of sand, ash, smoke, etc.
m114hTo build a house in the airPowerful person orders to build a house in the air. The man finds a clever solution for this puzzle
m127Lost tail of the foxAfter losing his tail (ear) an (animal) person tries to trick other animals of his species or other people of his group to lose their tails (ears) too
m130cThe mouse and the lion (the help of the weak)When a lion (tiger, bear, elephant, man) gets into a trap, a mouse (rat) makes him free (usually bites through the ropes)
m135bWolf regrets for being so stupidWolf (rare: jackal, fox) comes to different domestic animals (rare: only to one animal) to eat them but agrees to fulfill their demands. As a result he remains hungry and usually beaten and accuses himself that his ways were so stupid (“Am I a mollah to read?”)
m136dThe air castlesA person plans to turn his (future) possessions into a great wealth (milk, eggs, small money, animal to be killed, etc.) but imagining this wealth, he destroys what he already has (eggs are broken, the animal runs away, etc.). Or two persons are involved into quarrel about possessions that they do not yet have
m145The lion in a wellA weak (animal) person demonstrates a strong one his reflection in water. The latter believes that an animal like he contests his supremacy, invites him for a visit, etc., usually jumps in and drowns
m153Letter on the hoofThe wolf (lion, etc.) is going to eat a horse (mule, etc.). The horse asks him to look at his hoof (for different reasons) or eat him from his hindquarters forward; then he kicks him
m157a6You imagine that you speak with the abbotA man is not wise enough to answer questions put by a king (prince, etc.). His servant or friend takes his place and guise and gives clever answers. Usually one of the questions is like “What I think now?” and the answer, “You think that you speak with the abbot (minister, etc.) but I am a shepherd (a miller, etc.)
m159The lion’s shareThe strongest predator (usually a lion) suggests one of his companions to shares the booty. He is not satisfied by results and beats the companion. When another companion becomes to divide, he gives everything to the strongest one and explains that the injured one taught him the right way of sharing
m166Piece among animalsTo lure his potential victim down from a tree, a predator pretends not to be dangerous (usually announces that it has been decreed that all animals are united in piece). The victim is dubious and usually asks the predator to announce the same news to the dogs. The predator runs away
m168More cowardly than the hareThe hare is in despair because he is afraid of all creatures but is delighted when he sees other animals (sheep, frogs, dusks) being afraid of him
m169Medicine for the sick lionIn the presence of powerful person one of his subjects is plotting against the other. The other answers that the problem can be resolved if the first one would be maimed (usually a part of his body used as a medicine). The schemer is killed or injured
m180Fox and crane invite each otherAn animal person invites another and serves his food in such a way that he is unable to taste it. Then the other invites the first animal and puts him in similar situation
m184The slow one is ahead of the sleeping oneA slow and a fast animals agree to race. The fast one is sure that he will win and is not in a hurry at all while the slow one is moving persistently to his aim and wins
m191bIngratitude and injury are hard to forgetA man feeds a snake (rare: a fish; does not do it any harm) and the snake makes him rich (is friendly). His son (rare: someone else or the man himself) injures the snake (kills its young) and dies (if son; because of the bite). The snake refuses to keep former friendship with the man: both of them remember the inflicted pain
m197bThe neighing stallions and the mares who foaledA powerful man claims that after his stallions neighed his neighbor’s mares foaled, that all foals in his land are born by his mare, etc. A youth comes to kill dogs of the man because they did not drive wolves in due time (because they scared game, etc.). The dogs were far away from the place of the event and the man recognizes that his trick failed
m202Thorn removed from lion’s pawPerson removes a thorn from the paw (bone from the throat) of a strong and dangerous animal or a demon, the animal (demon) is grateful
m205Birds set a city on fireWarriors lay siege to a city or palace. They catch or receive as a tribute the birds that live there, oil them or tie combustibles (tinder, wood chips, nutshells filled with pitch, etc.) to their bodies and sets them on fire. When released, the birds fly back to the city or palace. The fire starts there and the warriors achieve their objective
m27Coming back from the skyA tree or a chain of reeds by which people have ascended to the sky is destroyed. On their way back they fall to the ground. Some of them remain in the sky for ever or longer than others
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29b3The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29gTrickster-hare or rabbitIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit
m29gTrickster-hare or rabbitIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit
m29kThe turtle (tortoise, toad, frog) wins thanks to his smartnessBeing smart and persistent, the turtle (toad, frog) overcomes strong adversaries
m29k1 Not used in statisticsThe turtle (toad, frog) is a tricky failureA turtle (tortoise, toad, frog) behaves foolishly creating serious problems for himself
m29oTrickster is a monkeyIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is a monkey
m29w1The leopard is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the leopard (panther) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29w3The lion is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m30Trickster falls downPerson or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return
m30cFlying person falls down after breaking tabooPerson flies across the air but falls down when, despite warning, looks down to earth, flies above villages, becomes to talk, etc.
m30dThe tortoise lets itself be carried by birdsAn animal (usually a tortoise) is carried up into the air by two birds who hold onto a stick which the tortoise holds in its mouth
m39a2cThe sowing of saltFool (or a person who pretends to be mad) sows salt (small objects) like grain
m39dSeries of clever unjust decisionsIn succession and unintentionally a man causes a series of accedents. The injured parties bring him before a judge. In each case the judge makes decisions that are formally logical but patently unacceptable and saves the man
m39e1The eaten up iron and the kidnapped childA man steals money or property. The owner gets his property back after he or his helper puts the theft in such a position when the best choice for him becomes to return what he has stolen (usually the first man kidnaps a child of the second one)
m39e2The speaking treeTwo men hide a treasure together but one of them steals it and accuses another. He suggests the judge to interview the tree and asks his father to hide in the hollow of the tree and to tell that another man is the thief. When the tree is ordered to be burned and the old man cries, the real thief is exposed
m39gGirl bewails the loss of her child before she has any (Clever Elsie)Girl bewails the loss of her future child before she has any; thinking about an event that could have been tragic; is jealous of her sisters before any of them have fiancée; thinks out the name of her child that does not exist instead of coming to meet her fiancée.
m75b3The Trojan Horse: victory over enemiesA life-size or larger than life-size figure of a horse or a bull is demonstrated to enemies. They do not understand that this is a stratagem and carry the figure to their territory. As a result, the invasion becomes possible and the enemies are defeated
m77A soiled bedWhile person is asleep, another smears with excrements or something that reminds excrements his or her bed or clothes. The ashamed person runs away or agrees to make what the trickster wants in exchange of his silence
m83bWhose dream is better?Two (or more) (animal)-persons agree that whichever of them has the most wonderful dream may eat all the food. The first one tells about a feast that he participated in his dream. His companion answers that he was sure that after such a feast (after getting into the paradise, etc.) the first one would not need the food, so he has eaten it alone
n27The milk of birdsBird’s (hen’s) milk is mentioned in fairy tales, riddles and proverbs as something very rare and difficult to obtain
n27cThe bird has no milkIt is claimed that the bird has no milk and/or breasts
n32Sitting on several treesIt is told about an ornithomorphic person or creature that he is sitting on several (three or more) trees


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Lithuanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Ancient Italy: Latins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
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Serbs, Monte Negro,
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Macedonians
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Eastern Arunachal Pradesh: Abor (incl Minyong, Shimong, Padam, Pasi, Panggi), Apa Tani (Apatani), Bori, Bugun, Dafla (=Nyishi, Nisi, Nishing, incl Tagin), Gallong (=Galo, Adi), Mishmi
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Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
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Shaanxi Chinese
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Bulgarians
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Northern Selkups

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Telugu (incl. Yanadi, Chenchu)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Georgians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Persians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kazakh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Uzbek
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Byelarusians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Koreans; Goguryeo
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Germans: Northwest (Low- and Central German dialects): Schleswig-Holstein, Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony, incl. East Frisia and Oldenburg), Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Thüringen, Saxony-Anhalt, Sachsen
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Armenians