Santali, Turi, Mahli



Tradition title rus: 
Санталы, тури, махли
Areal ID: 
6.1.1.1
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
178.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
64.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12fEclipses: the creditorA creditor comes from time to time to the Sun or the Moon to claim back his money producing eclipses
a14Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the MoonComing together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a2Several sunsIn a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a2bExtra suns and moons annihilatedOther suns or moons besides present ones had been in the sky and were later annihilated
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a41The Sun swallows her childrenTwo persons have children (younger siblings, mothers). One of them proposes to another that they should kill (eat, bake, etc.) their children (mothers, etc.) but hides his or her own. The opponent actually kills his or her own kin. One of the persons or/and the only survived child is the Sun
a6The Sun and the Moon are femalesBoth the Sun and the Moon are considered to be females (incl. cases when the gender is not directly specified but both emerge from parts of the body of a female person)
a7The sun pursues the moonThe Sun and the Moon are two persons one of which is pursuing another in the sky or pursued him or her when they were rising to the sky from the earth
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b3dEarth from worm’s excrementsA worm obtains the earth (from the underworld), it emerges from the worm's excrements, is extracted from inside of the worm
b42uBig Dipper’s handle are three personsThree stars of Big Dipper’s handle are three persons. Four stars of the Dipper itself are objects of animals (one or several)
b48Predators become herbivorous Weak or herbivorous animals were dangerous predators but have been transformed
b69Chipmunk's back scratched: hence his stripesTo thank or to punish a small mammal like chipmunk or (ground) squirrel, animal or person scratches or paints it producing stripes on its back
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
c6dThe aquisition of the earth from the lower worldThe dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)
c6jThe acquiring of the earth linked to the creation of manThe acquiring of the earth from the sea bottom or from the lower world, the creation of humans and attempt to spoil it are successive episodes of the same narrative
c8The couple of close relations originates the mankindIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8aaBrother and sister beget the peopleIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e4Creation from dirt of the skinSupernatural person creates the entire earth, human or other beings of dirt taken from his or her skin, from under the nails, etc.
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
e9dDog-wifeMan marries a girl who initially has guise of a dog
f17Misplaced genitaliaOriginally, humans had (had to have; can have under some special confition) their genitals not on the place where they are now; the genitals were absent, or people did not know know their function and used for copulation other parts of the body
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f40bA man in a village of womenA man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f62Incognito at the feastAn (ostensibly) sick (ugly, weak, poorly clad) person remains at home when others go to the feast. The person comes by himself or herself looking like a handsome man or beautiful girl. The man (woman) does not recognize him (her) and feels against her (him) sexual interestю (All texts with motif k57, Chinderella, are also included into f62)
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f70Potiphar's wife: false accusation of sexual abuseWoman makes vain overtures to young man and/or falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. Her husband believes that the young man is guilty, kills or tries to kill him
f70aDisordered clothes as evidence against innocent manTo accuse a man or boy of (sexual) abbuse, a woman tears her clothes, smears or scratches her body pretending to be attacked
f77aPenis bridgePenis is stretched across a body of water as a pole or bridge
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f9fAsmodeusDemon (snake) regularly kills woman’s husbands during the first night, the woman herself being ignorant about the reason of their death
f9f1Snake inside womanPoisonous snake (snakes, scorpions) comes out of the mouth of a woman {Motif F9f1 and K100c are almost identical but F9f1 links to a cluster of etiological/cosmological motifs related to the idea of a dangerous woman while K100c is related to adventures}
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h12cOrpheus: to return the dead wifeHusband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h43One creates the body, another the soulOne supernatural creates the body of the first people, another revives them
h43aBroken figure of the first manAfter making human body, creator goes away for a time. In his absence another person makes attempt to break human figure that was not yet alive
h45The abused breadA woman or child demonstrate no respect for bread soiling it with excrements. For this God punishes all the humanity
h47Offended sky or earthThe sky (or the earth) is offended by people’s behavior in respect to it and reacts accordingly (e.g. rises higher than it was before)
h51The demonic horseA horse eats people or is associated with antagonist of the God
h7aThe Death and a doctorMan receives from Death (Fortune, some spirit) knowledge will the patient recover or die. He becomes a doctor and receives rich rewards. Usually he gets the ability to see Death near the bed of a patient and considering a particular place where Death stands, gets to know perspectives of recovering
i11Cosmic turtle or toadA turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment
i11aThe earth was put on the back of a turtle (frog)It is described how the earth was obtained and put on the back of a turtle or frog
i120CornucopiaFood and clothes are extracted from the horn of a cow or goat
i127Ursa major is a bedUrsa major is a bed, a cot, a bedstead
i25The bribed guardsWay to the place of a certain person is guided by dangerous creatures (which often stand on the both sides of the pathway). Person placates them by gifts or nice talk, and they let him or her go the both ways, sometimes being punished for this by their master
i69Star dungShining sky objects or atmospheric phenomena are excrements of sky dwellers
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i72aStars are children of the Sun and the MoonStars are children of the Moon and/or the Sun
i82bVenus is femaleMorning and/or Evening Star is a female personage
j1The vengeful heroesPersons avenge the death of their father, mother or other relatives who are one (rare two) generations older than they
j21Birth from eggsGods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs
j32To identify the night thiefSome valuables (foals, hay, apples, etc.) are regularly stolen. Nobody (the elder brothers) is able to catch the thief and only the hero (the younger brother) finds who it is
j4Revenge for the death of the male relativesHeroes avenge the murder or captivity of the male relatives: (grand)father, uncles, or the elder relatives in general, the loss of the males being the most traumatic
j5Brothers as victimsTwo or several brothers or friends are killed by antagonists. One of them is the father of the young hero who avenges their death or all of them are his uncles
j54aThe calf and the tiger cubTwo women (usually female animal persons) live together, both have children, one of them kills and devours another or wants to do it. The son of the murderer kills his mother and becomes a companion of the victim's son, or the victim’s and the murderer’s children escape together
k10Fight with the monstrous birdMonstrous bird (giant bat) predates on humans. Heroes fight with it
k102Woman associated with the hero conspires in favor of his enemyA woman who initially is friendly to the hero (his mother, sister, more rare his wife, sexual partner) begins to cooperate with his enemy. For this she provokes the hero to do something that is mortally dangerous for him
k103Helpful cowCow (ox, bull) helps an orphan child or a young woman who got into trouble
k119Animal helper marries a poor boy to a princessTo make a poor man rich (usually to marry him to a rich girl or to marry a poor girl to a prince), an animal makes other people believe that the groom is rich already. The man becomes prosperous indeed
k122Queen of the other world comes to identify the heroA man gets to the powerful woman who lives in the world unreachable without the supernatural helpers, and then returns back. An imposter claims hero's deeds for himself. The powerful woman comes and finds the real hero, punishes (rejects) the imposter
k136A lad and his cattleA lad becomes a master and a leader of great amount of cattle (cows or buffaloes) and meets a princess (usually after she finds his hair fallen into a river)
k136a1Youth’s hair picked up from a riverA woman finds the youth’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner
k14Precious advicesA man gives his last money for simple advices. Each of them saves his life or helps to achieve success or he does not follow the advices and gets into trouble
k14cMan mistakes his son for his wife’s loverComing home after a long absence, a man understands that there is another man in his house but keeps patience and discovers that it is his own son or a close kin of his wife
k153Grateful animals, ungrateful manЧеловек оказывает услугу нескольким (потенциально опасным) животным и другому человеку. Благодарные животные помогают ему, а человек предает и вредит
k154aMen in the haremSolving a riddle, a boy or youth unmasks a daughter (wife, minister) of a powerful person: house-maids (or some of them) are men, the minister plans to kill his master)
k160aDemon’s answers to his wife’s questionsA woman who lives in the house of a supernatural person conceals the man who had come to her and puts questions to this person. The answers that are received and became known to the man are of great importance for him
k163Aladdin and his lampA magician orders a boy to fetch a magic object (often a lamp). The boy finds the object (but refuses to give it to the magician), and the object fulfills the boy’s wishes
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27hhTo sort grainA task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27qMilk of the wild beastHero is sent to bring milk of a wild animal or milk in possession of a dangerous creature or person
k27x3The man persecuted because of his beautiful brideA powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him
k27zGame of chance for life and deathPerson becomes a master of another after winning a game (game of chance or Intellectual game but not a sport tournament)
k27z3Cat with a lampA man trains a cat (monkey, dog) to hold lighted candle (lamp) on its head or to extinguish the light by a signal. When a mouse (a rat) runs through the room, the cat drops the candle (forgets about the lamp) and chases the mouse
k27z4The trained animal of the gamblerPerson always wins a game thanks to a cat (or a mouse) who carries the lamp (or puts the light out in a certain moment). The hero releases a mouse (or correspondingly a cat), the cat runs after it and the person loses the game
k27z9Why the fish laughedA (dried) fish (water-spirit, satyr, etc.) laughs, smiles or spits because a man disguised as a woman lives in the house
k2bThe Mountain-man and the Oak-manThe pastimes or only names of the hero’s companions are unusual and different but their specific qualities that they must possess considering their names are irrelevant for the plot. Cf. motif K66, “Extraordinary companions”
k32hPunishment: buried aliveTo punish an antagonist, he or she is buried alive
k33dPeau d'asneA man discovers that a beautiful girl hides herself under a guise of an ugly and dirty servant, under a skin of an animal or in an object that is brought into his house
k33d1The princess in the chestThe youth does not know that a beautiful girl hides inside an object that is brought to him
k33hThe cat, the dog and the magic objectA man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)
k33h1To exchange the old ring for the new oneThe hero’s wife (mother, servant) does not know about the magic qualities of an object in their house and exchanges it for something that looks likes more expensive but actually has low value
k36Bewitched into animalPerson is temporary transformed into animal (usually into a dog or coyote or into donkey, ox, etc.). When he acquires his human guise again, the antagonist suffers similar transformation. In some texts only the hero or only the antagonist is transformed
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
k60bInvitation to coffinPerson is lured into a trap being invited to lie in a box or a hole to measure it. Being unable to liberate himself from the box etc., the person remains in power of his enemies
k61fThe make-believe daughter (son)Being afraid of her husband, a sterile woman pretends to give birth. In a due time the husband plans to marry his daughter or son. During the wedding ceremony a doll or an animal is in a sedan-chair but at the last moment a supernatural persons transforms it into a young woman or handsome youth
k65Genii lociBeing thrown out, put into certain places, born by primeval couple some beings turn into spirits of particular loci
k65aSpirits fall from the skyBeing thrown down (usually from the sky), some beings get to different places and turn into spirits or animals with particular functions and names
k67bBargain not to become angryPerson of a low social position (a man) makes an agreement with a person of high social position (an ogre) that the master must never become angry with the servant. The servant abuses the master until the latter erupts in anger and has to be severely punished or to pay a great fee
k74Hero, his companions and a dwarfThe hero and his companion or companions live together. Every morning one stays at home while another or others go to hunt, etc. A demonic person comes, eats up all the food and beats the cook. Or the man who remained at home comes to the demon himself in search of fire and is maltreated by him. The hero kills or neutralizes the demon
k74aOnly the hero gets to overcome the demon whose track he then follows Every time a demon commits an outrage upon one of the men who remains at home. When it is the hero’s turn, he overcomes the demon and follows his track to his world
k76A strange sonA boy born into a family or found by his adoptive parents has a strange guise (ball of meat, nut, bag, half of a man, an animal). He possesses magic power, becomes a handsome man and usually marries a girl of high social status. The magic spouse of a princess originally has a non-human or monstrous appearance
k76aFrog as a marriage partnerFrog or toad marries a girl or a handsome youth marries a frog or road
k77aSmall objects and animals defeat the ogreSmall objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies
k77cOnes who hide in a house frighten dangerous enemyObjects and/or domestic animals live in a house. When dangerous enemy comes, they attack him, he dies or escapes (all texts with K77A and K77B included)
k80Repetitive reincarnationPerson (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form
k80aA bird or an object tell about a murderAn object or a creature that emerged from remains, decorations, etc. of a killed person tells about his or her fate. Usually a reed grows from the person's grave and a pipe made from the reed tells the story
k80a2Pipe tells about a murderBody part of a murdered person or a plant that grew on the place of the crime tells people about the crime
k80a4Person’s hair turns into grassHair of the head of a person turns into grass (thorns, bamboo, shrub)
k80a6Speaking pipe made from a recently grown plantA pipe or other musical instrument is made from a plant that has grown on a place where certain person was killed (fell, touched ground). When the instrument plays, people hear a particular message
k80dThe stuck in pinPerson is bewitched (transformed into a bird, faints) when a pin or other sharp object is stuck into her (rare his) body
k82Evil sister-in-lawWife of a man or wives of a group of brothers envy his (their) sister and tries (try) to destroy her
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
k93b2Conception from eaten fruitAfter eating a fruit (usually an apple, in Northern traditions also an egg), the sterile woman gives birth to a son or twins
k99bEloping with the wrong manAt night a girl’s lover has to carry her away but falls asleep or is late. She is carried away by another man who happened to be on the place
l104Fugitive and pursuer change guisesA fugitive turns in succession into different animals or objects. A pursuer does the same, every time becoming an animal or a person who is dangerous for the fugitive in his given guise
l11Turtle-benchIn a non-human world objects of everyday life have appearance of animals and monsters, mainly fish, amphibians and reptiles
l110The devourerA demonic being swallows a multitude of people and animals. When it is killed and cut open, the swallowed ones come out alive or are revived
l125bSpouse who eats the deadSpying on his wife (her husband), the man (woman) gets to see that she (he) goes to eat the dead bodies
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l15d1The feigned location of soulBeing asked where his soul (death) is located, person initially gives a false answer. The inquirer usually becomes to show concern to corresponding object or locus (decorates it, etc.)
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l5cRolling head is a dangerous monsterRolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)
l64Removable headPerson removes part of his or her body (head, scalp, lungs) and then puts it back
l65bDogs save their masterA demonic woman or (rare) her paramour or a monster is going to kill a man usually after driving him up a tree. At the last moment the man's dogs or other animals or birds who are the man's pets come and kill the demon
l77Girl seen as a fruit eaten upPerson sees or smells people as delicious objects and devours them
l90Mouth from the earth to the skyMonster's upper lip (fang, horn, etc.) touches the sky, lower touches the ground
l93aHelpful foxCunning fox, jackal or coyote saves particular person or many people, helps them
l96Sold in animal’s guise and comes backPerson can transform himself or herself into an animal or an object. Being sold in this guise, he or she achieves his or her aims and becomes a human again
m104Make believe killing of kinsfolkPerson conceals his or her close relatives (children, mother, brothers) and tells another that he or she has killed them. Another believes and agrees to kill his or her own children, mother, etc.
m105aMake believe killing of childrenPerson conceals her children and tells another one that she has killed them. Another person really kills her own
m114iAsked about their relatives, girl or boy answers with witWhen a girl or a boy is asked where are her or his father, mother, brother or other relations or what they are doing she or he answers in such a way that only a smart person is able to understand what it is about (father went to make an enemy from a friend, mother went to make one out of two, etc.); or the girl explains corresponding answers of other person
m119Demonstrated many timesTrickster suggests to be a nurse or a shepherd, kills and eats children or animals, demonstrates to the parent (the owner) one and the same child or animal as many times as was their number in the beginning
m120Cannibal baby-sitterAnimal person promises to take care of another animal's children but do not fulfill obligations and usually eats the young ones
m131Biting tree-rootA stronger (animal)-person gets to seize a leg or tail of a weaker one. To get free the weaker one pretends that his pursuer got hold of a tree root, and the pursuer lets his enemy free
m134A tower of wolvesAnimals, demons or people stand one on another making a tower. The lowest one jumps off (bends, jerks), all the rest fall to the ground
m136dThe air castlesA person plans to turn his (future) possessions into a great wealth (milk, eggs, small money, animal to be killed, etc.) but imagining this wealth, he destroys what he already has (eggs are broken, the animal runs away, etc.). Or two persons are involved into quarrel about possessions that they do not yet have
m149aTreaty with the tigerA man, light-mindedly or against his own wish, makes an agreement with a dangerous predator. He does not want (cannot) keep it or breaks it and the predator is going to kill him but the man remains alive
m149bDogs insideA man tells that there are dangerous animals inside him (or in a box he has) that can come out. A predator who was going to eat the man up (or to bite him) believes him and runs away
m151Hello, house!Dangerous animal pretends to be an inanimate object, dead or absent. The potential victim sais aloud that the real dead (object, place) has to act in a particular way or to say particular words. The animal does accordingly betraying himself.
m152Why only one wolf?When a weak animal or a person gets to see a predator animal or an ogre, he says in a loud voice (or asks to say his wife or children) something that frightens the predator (ogre): why the predator (ogre) brought to him is lean (small; only one instead of several), or it is good that more food gets to his house, etc. The predator (ogre) runs away
m152aAnimal tied to another for safetyA stronger and a weaker predator animals (ogre and an animal) tie together for safety. When the stronger one runs away, he drags the weaker one along with him
m154The animal language and the stubborn wifeA man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m156aObjects that give the answersDangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question
m158Tops or butsTwo animals (an animal and a person, an ogre and a person, etc.) agree to divide a crop in such a way that one would take what is above the ground and another what is beneath ground. One of them (several times makes a wrong choice (takes turnip tops and wheat roots)
m167A tiger taken for a bullDuring the night a strong predator (a tiger, a lion, etc.) and a thief not knowing about each other get into stable to steal a domestic animal. The thief takes the predator for domestic animal or for a person and acts accordingly
m167aA tiger who is afraid of TwilightA strong predator (usually a tiger) overhears a person saying that he fears something worse than a tiger The word is unknown to the tiger (twilight, etc). Thinking it must be a terrible thing he hides and then runs away
m169Medicine for the sick lionIn the presence of powerful person one of his subjects is plotting against the other. The other answers that the problem can be resolved if the first one would be maimed (usually a part of his body used as a medicine). The schemer is killed or injured
m180Fox and crane invite each otherAn animal person invites another and serves his food in such a way that he is unable to taste it. Then the other invites the first animal and puts him in similar situation
m183A race: one against manyMany animals of one species that all look identical together fulfill the task that would be impossible for any of them if he were alone; the competitors believe that the task was fulfilled by only one animal. Usually a slow and a fast animals agree to race. The slow one puts other animals of his species at the finish or along the distance, each one answering the fast one that he is ahead of him. The fast one accepts his loss
m198bThe pretended astrologerA person who has not a bit of a skill to expose thieves and find the lost objects does it successfully thanks to a series of lucky coincidences
m198b4The pretended diviner: names of the thievesThe pretended diviner thinks that his exposure is inevitable and pronounces words that reflect his emotional condition. The thieves who stand nearby understand some of these words as their personal names, believe that the diviner knows all about their crime and ask him not to betray them
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29w1The leopard is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the leopard (panther) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29w2The tiger is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the tiger suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29xThe hyena is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the hyena suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m32Anus openedFood or liquid that person swallows are immediately pouring out from his bottom part
m33Anus closedPerson himself or somebody else stitches up or firmly stops his anus (with wax, clay, grass, etc.)
m39aFool takes off boots from animals’ legsTwo or three brothers live together (with their mother). One of them makes stupid actions like (all or some of them): lets free animals that got into a snare but kills his mother; cuts off the legs of domestic animals or flays them; thinks that a certain place on a head of a baby is a tumor, sucks baby's brains out; cuts a cloth into pieces and ties them to reeds of to branches of a tree; hearing a murmur of water throws food into the water; tries to build a hut not on a river bank but in the river
m39a7Misunderstood instructions: to wash with the boiling waterA fool is told to wash an old person with a warm water. He uses a boiling water killing the person
m39cPumpkin sold as a donkey’s eggA numskull finds or buys an unknown fruit (pumpkin, melon, etc.). He mistakes it for an egg of a donkey (mare. camel, etc.). When he drops it or throws it off he scares a hidden hare (rabbit, fox, mouse, etc.). The fool thinks the fugitive is a young animal hatched from the egg
m45aOld man and animalsA man falls asleep or pretends to be sleeping or dead. Animals take him for dead: mourn, carry to bury, are going to eat up, etc. The man kills a lot of animals or obtain valuables otherwise
m57cGold producing animalAn animal (ass, cow, horse, goat, bear, leopard) extracts gold or food from its body or person makes others believe that it is so
m77A soiled bedWhile person is asleep, another smears with excrements or something that reminds excrements his or her bed or clothes. The ashamed person runs away or agrees to make what the trickster wants in exchange of his silence
m78A tiny boy (Thumbling)Tiny boy as small as a thumb, a pea and the like taunts people, predator animals, ogres
m90a4The tree of gemsA tree which has gems or adornments instead of fruits is described; particular parts of the tree are made of different metals or precious stones
m91The killed corpsePerson pretends that a person (often his or her mother, spouse or lover) who recently died is alive, claims that the death of the false alive resulted from negligence of others and gets a reward
m91bThe sold ashesUsing trick, a man sells or exchanges for treasure ashes. Another person tries to sell ashes and is ridiculed
m91b1The sold skinA man goes to sell a skin of domestic animal and on his way, by trick or thanks to chance, gets a big sum of money. Usually coming back he explains that this was the price of the skin but when other people kill their animals they cannot sell skins for such a sum. (In India the hero sometimes pretends to sold cow meat to brahmins for whom it is forbidden)
m91c1Herd from the river bottomPerson gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him
m91c2Put into the bagPerson is put into a bag (a cage, tied up, etc.) to be drowned, burned, etc. He pretends to be in this situation by his own will or because he refuses to marry a princess, to become a chief and the like. Another person is willing to take his place and is killed
m91c3Hare the messengerAfter warning his wife about the planned trick, person lets free a wild animal or bird asking it to pass a message to his wife. Seeing the same (actually another) animal or bird in his companion’s house another man buys the animal for a lot of money
m91c3Hare the messengerAfter warning his wife about the planned trick, person lets free a wild animal or bird asking it to pass a message to his wife. Seeing the same (actually another) animal or bird in his companion’s house another man buys the animal for a lot of money


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Northern Munda of Kharwar branch: Birhor, Ho, Mundari, Kol, Asur (including Agaria, Kol, Birjhia), Bhumij
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Bhils (incl Barela-Bhilala), Pardhi, Kokna, Parwa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kolam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Mongols (Khalkha)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Semang, Senoi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Korku
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lisu, Achang, Taunyo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Hindi-speaking peoples and casts (incl. Teli, Parahiya; incl. Chhattisgarhi) of Northern and West-Central India

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Oraon (Kurukh)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Assamese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bengali, Maithili
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Persians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kashmiri
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Munda of Kharwar branch: Birhor, Ho, Mundari, Kol, Asur (including Agaria, Kol, Birjhia), Bhumij
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Himachali-Pahari (Western Pahari)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Arabs of Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan); Bedouins of Sinai
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Catalan