Miao (Hmong) and Yao of Southern China



Tradition title rus: 
Мяо (=хмонг; вкл. чуань мяо, граница Сычуани и Юньнани) и яо (зао =дао, ман, мин, минь, мьен) Южного Китая
Areal ID: 
10.2.3.4
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
213.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
124.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a11bOne-eyed luminariesThe Sun or the Moon is one-eyed (usually another eye was knocked or sucked out but sometimes this defect is not explained
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12aEclipses: a predator animalDuring an eclipse or at other circumstances the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a predator animal (a bear, a feline, a canine, a racoon)
a12eSpider is enemy of celestial bodiesA spider attackes the Sun or the Moon (usually produces lunar eclipses)
a2Several sunsIn a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously
a21Luminaries are objects fixed in the skyThe sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a2a1The Moon was as bright as the SunInitially, the Moon was as bright and hot as the Sun
a2bExtra suns and moons annihilatedOther suns or moons besides present ones had been in the sky and were later annihilated
a2b1The last sunTwo or more suns shine in the sky. When the extra suns had been annihilated, there was a risk of the last one being destroyed too
a2c2The extra moonsThe catastrophy that is dangerous for the earth is related to the simultaneous appearance of not only several suns but also several moons
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32aThe Moon rabbitRabbit or hare are seen in the moon
a32bThe Moon toadFrog or toad are seen in the moon or the Moon is associated with them
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a32ddFirewood-carrier in the moonPerson who carries a bundle of brushwood or firewood is seen in the moon.
a32hThe Moon plantA tree or bush is seen in the moon
a37The Sun is attacked with weaponsPerson intentionally and with special equipment (usually shooting arrows) attacks the Sun (or several suns if they were many)
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a46The Sun and Moon emerge from the eyes of a beingThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) appear from eyes of an anthropomorphic being
a46aThe Sun and Moon are eyes of a deityThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) are associated with eyes of an anthropomorphic being (the motif of their emergence, creation from his eyes is not obligatory)
a47The Sun is born from an eggThe Sun is born or created from an egg
b116The first book eaten upAn animal or a person eats up the first book (writing, important document). (In some of European traditions the eating up of the book is not directly described but follows from the context)
b116aKnowledge preserved in the stomachPerson or animal swallows sacred book or its remains. During rituals this knowledge is actualized in the oral text, in sounds of musical instruments made of the animal body parts or in animal body parts used for divination
b116bSacred book gets wetBecasue sacred book gets wet or sinks when people were crossing a river, it is lost or the text becomes unreadable. Or it is destroyed when people try to dry it or when they go to bath and let it lie on a shore
b116cSacred book lostIn the past a particular groups of people possessed scripture and knowledge that were later lost or the people missed opportunity to obtain them
b2eThe male earthThe earth or the world as a whole is a male person (alone or together with a female person)
b38The ruined paintingPerson paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result
b43PurushaParts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe
b43aPerson created from many objectsA person or creature is created from several different materials or objects or from material brought from different places
b46cBig Dipper is seven persons or animalsEvery main star of the Big Dipper is interpreted as a particular person or animal
b6A man and a woman move around a post and meet each otherThe first or the only survived man and woman move in different directions around a post, a hill, etc. When they come together they marry each other
b6aOne egg was thrown awayFemale ancestor gives birth to several eggs. One or two of them do not hatch for a long time, thought to be rotten are thrown into the river. However just from them emerge (or had to emerge) high status characters
b75aSounds of the time of creation: voice of a personVoice of a person who lived in the bygone times is still heard (most often it is an echo)
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77aGiant pushed the sky upOne or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height
b77bSky touched with a long objectThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)
b77b1Sky touched with a pestleThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food
b80Measuring of the worldThe process of world creation includes the measuring of its size
b82The white ravenRaven or other carrion-eating bird of dark color and a similar size was originally white
c18aThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding placeThe cock lures out the Sun from its hiding place or people beliefe that the Sun will not rise if the cock would not cry
c19Acquisition of the sunThe Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)
c2Deluge and conflagration combinedInhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water
c39The repaired skyWhen part of the sky was broken, the hole was filled up with stones or pieces of ice
c5aBird-scoutsBirds or humans later changed to birds are sent to explore the earth (is it dry, are any survivals, to investigate why smoke rises to the sky, etc.) or to bring some soil to make the land that would be good for living
c7The flood: breaking the damIn the beginning of times or after the flood a dam of earth, person or creature does not let water to recede. The dam is broken or opened, waters withdraw
c8The couple of close relations originates the mankindIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8aGrinding stones matchBeing alone and having no other marriage partners, brother and sister agree to marry each other if a highly improbable event or a series of events will take place. Among the events that take place (alternatively or one after the other) are 1) the siblings let two grinding stones roll from two mountains, the brother's stone falls on the sister's one; 2) brother and sister throw two swords from two mountains, both swords get into one sheath; 3) they throw some objects up, the objects get together; 4) they kindle two fires, columns of smoke get together; 5) they put to grow two stems of bamboo, tops of the stems get together
c8a1Thread should enter the needle’s eyeBeing alone and having no other marriage partners, brother and sister agree to marry each other if a highly improbable event will take place: a thread that is far from a needle has to enter the needle’s eye.
c8aaBrother and sister beget the peopleIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8eSurvival in the floating bottle gourdDuring the flood or in the beginning of times persons (usually brother abd sister) are floating in a big bottle gourd
c8fSurvival in the floating drumDuring the flood or in the beginning of times persons (usually brother abd sister) are floating in a big drum
c9Warning about the coming floodGod, animal, some person warns one of the people about the catastrophy (usuallly the flood) that will become soon and in which most of the people must perish
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e25Arachne (the spider-weaver)The art of weaving people get from a spider or from a person who turns into spider afterwards; a spider is weaving for people
e31aCreators and rescuers of a girlSeveral men take part in rescuing, creation or reanimation of a girl (rare: a bird) or several women take part in the reanimation of a dead man or they differetly express their grief. It is asked whose role was crucial (who behavior more noble) and/or who should be the spouse of the reanimated person. Or three men make something valuable and it is asked whose role in the corresponding enterprise was more important
e33People from seedsPeople emerge from grains, seeds
e38aWoman gives birth to many embryosWoman gives birth to a gourd, a bag (with eggs), a piece of meat. The flesh is cut into pieces which turn into people or many people come out of the gourd or bag
e38bPeople from gourdAfter the world cataclysm or in the beginning of times a gourd survives or appears, new people come out of it
e38cFirst people are dumbFirst people are dumb but begin to speak when they hear something unusual, are made to laugh, etc.
e5bFirst couple from the underworldFirst man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
e9ePuppy as a rewardYouth gets to supernatural beings, rejects any treasure, asks for a puppy, a dog's skin, a fruit, etc. When he returns home, the puppy (skin, etc.) turn into magic wife
e9i5Snail-wifeA man marries supernatural woman who is a snail
f2Pregnant limbChild is born from a tumor or swelling on person's body (on thigh, knee, finger, etc.) or is temporarily placed there or child grows from blood that flew out from a cut
f27Girls and the water spiritsFor girls and young women it is dangerous to come near water. Water creatures swallow them or drag away; a girl can die or become pregnant from a spirit; she can trigger a flood (rare: other cataclysm). Water spirits can come themselves to a girl who has her periods
f39The time of womenThe women dominated over the men in the past or in a far away land, were the active part in marriage relations, practiced activities which now are reserved of the men only. Or the women could obtained supremacy but failed to do it for some reason
f45aConception from windA woman or a female animal is impregnated deliberately exposing her genitals to the wind
f47Pieces of flesh turn to peopleA living creature or a lump of alive flesh is cut into pieces which are diepersed around. After some time every piece turns into human being
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f71Susan and the old men (the innocent slandered maiden)An innocent girl or young woman rejects a man who attempts to seduce her. The man accuses her of loose conduct, ultimately the truth comes to light
f86Conditional signalPerson summons with a certain signal a non-human being (usually his or her sexual partner or his or her protégé). Another person spies, uses the same signal or pronounces the same words and kills the being who comes to him (or uses this being sexually himself)
f86aAn eaten up petPerson take care for a fish, crab or other small creature. Another person spies on him or her, kills the pet and eats it up or try to do it
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f97The prohibited fruit: origin of sexAfter eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become sexually aware
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g29Demon made of artifactsDemonic person turns into or consists of different household objects or tools (and into elements of a landscape)
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
g8Restored treeA deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working
g8eCutting the Moon treePerson tries to cut down the tree in the Moon but the notch disappears and the tree becomes intact
h24cDeath in containerPeople open container with death or disease inside and become mortal
h34cFlying riceRice could flow arriving by itself to the household
h34gOne grain porridgeOne cereal grain (cob, etc.) is enough to prepare a meal
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h5People and snakesReptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death
h56The prohibited fruit (origin of death)After eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become mortal (cf. motif F97: people become sexually aware)
i1The thunderbirdsCreatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird
i104Stars are fragmentsStars are fragments of a bigger luminary (usually the Moon); or stars, the sun and the moon are formed from one and the same primeval person or creature
i106Ursa major is a personUrsa major is only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons
i107Stars are nailsStars are nails in the firmament or pegs, or stars are nailed to the sky
i10aColored layers of the skyDifferent sky levels or different categories of clouds have different colors
i139Strong men throw an axe to each otherTwo (rare: three) men or women regularly throw or give somthing to each other despite a significant distance between them. It is a sign of their strength, big size and dexterity
i13aThe horned serpentGiant water-chthonic or sky serpent or dragon has horns or antlers on its head
i13cSnake’s crownReptiles possess treasure which a person gets or tries to get. Usually it is a crown, jewel or small horns on the snake's head
i20The undeground dwarfsRace of dwarfs lives under the ground (deep under the earth or in hills and rocks) or at the horizon where the earth and the sky meet
i20aThe sky giantsAnthropomorphic inhabitants of the upper world are giants
i20cDwarfs live in the underworldDwarfs live in the underworld that somewhat reminds the world of humans. If the dwarfs and the humans meet, it is deep under the earther
i23Snapping doorThe door of a house is opening and closing by itself crashing persons who attempt to come in or out
i25The bribed guardsWay to the place of a certain person is guided by dangerous creatures (which often stand on the both sides of the pathway). Person placates them by gifts or nice talk, and they let him or her go the both ways, sometimes being punished for this by their master
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i46Rainbow beltRainbow is the ornamented part of the clothes, its decoration, a belt
i46aOld woman’s rainbowRainbow is associated with an old woman
i4aThunder in trouble: falls to earthThunder falls to earth, cannot return to the sky. Usually a human person helps him to do it
i4bThunder in trouble: fights with his enemyA man helps Thunder who fights with his enemy
i4cStorm-god as a prisonerThunder-god is temporarily overcome and imprisoned by his enemy
i5Thunder is an animalThunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)
i52Fish the earth-holderWorld is supported by fish or fish-like monster or the earth itself is such a monster
i55Stars are openingsStars are openings in the firmament; holes in dwelling's covering are thought to be stars
i60Milky Way is a seam in the skyMilky Way is a sky seam, a concealed fissure or crack between two half of the sky vault
i62Milky Way is a riverMilky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim
i7The cloud serpentA flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i73Stars are sparksStars (rare: suns and moons) are sparks or burning coals
i74Stars are stonesStars are shining stones, spangles, beads
i78The square earthThe earth is square, the sky is usually round
i82aVenus is maleMorning and/or Evening Star is a male personage
i8e1Four supports of the worldThe sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)
i8gAtlasOne giant supports the earth or the sky
i8iOriginal earth unstableOriginally the earth was unstable and swung, then it was fixed up
j18aMother is eaten up, children escapeAn ogress devours a woman, gets into her house. Her daughters (daughter and son, one daughter) run away, climb a tree or a rope that hangs from the sky. Ogress pursues them and perishes
j21Birth from eggsGods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs
j46Enemy drownsAntagonist perishes falling into the water or trying to cross a water body
k100f1The wild manA man (usually a king) catches a strange (anthropomorphic) creature. His son frees the prisoner, is afraid of his father’s anger and leaves home or is driven away. The released prisoner helps him
k100f2After quenching his thirst, person breaks his chainsThe imprisoned supernatural person breaks his chains and escapes after they give him some water (or wine, etc.)
k103Helpful cowCow (ox, bull) helps an orphan child or a young woman who got into trouble
k107Lost husband foundA woman is abandoned by her magic husband. She finds him and becomes his wife again
k116aKing is killed after putting on a strange attireA powerful person abducts or is going to abduct a poor man’s wife. She tricks him to put on a strange attire (often her husband’s clothes). After this his men or dogs kill him taking for the poor man (fool, devil)
k118aA portrait of an unknown beautyAfter seeing a portrait of an unknown beauty, a man is eager to meet her
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k19aStar-wifeA man maries a star-woman
k1fConflict because of a womanA man maroons another because of jealousy or because he plans to take hold of his wife
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25a1Magic wife finds her clothesMagic wife abandons her mortal husband when she finds her clothes (often, her feathers if she is a bird-woman), makes herself the new clothes, receives them from her kin or her husband gives her her clothing believing that she will not abandon him. (Versions with magic wife abandoning her husband because she feels herself offended is not alternative to the “found clothes but in most of the texts these motifs are not combined)
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27cOrdeal: knives and thornsAn ordeal: to remain alive after contact with sharp points or blades
k27hhTo sort grainA task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains
k27mTo get an animal of unusual colorThe hero must kill and bring an animal of special (often unusual) color or form
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27n3bTask-giver lives in the sky but is not the Sun, Moon, Thunder or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks or tests to the hero or heroine lives in the sky but is not associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind
k27uHide-and-seekHero and his adversary play hide-and-seek. The hero finds his adversary but the adversary cannot find him
k27x3The man persecuted because of his beautiful brideA powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him
k28Father or uncle is rival and enemyMaternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him
k29cBrings tree that was fallen on himTo kill a strong man, others fell a tree and hope that the man will be crashed when it falls on him, or they tie him to a tree. The man remains unharmed and brings the tree home
k2aHero marooned in the underworldHero is sent to the lower world though a well, precipice, etc. After he obtains valuables (young women), his envious companions cut the rope to get rid of him but he succeeds in returning back
k2a1Simple man gets to see how the princess has been abductedA simple man becomes a chance witness of the abduction of the princess by the demonic being or finds an evidence of the abduction. The girl’s father sends him to bring her back
k2a2The abducted princess drops her shoeA monster carries a princess away. A youth gets to see it and picks up a shoe dropped by her. Or he shoots and finds her lock of hair. The youth sets out in search of the princess, descends underground and saves her
k30Flying enemy abducts womanFlying person or creature abducts a woman but is ultimately killed or the woman escapes from him
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k37Recognition-testTo return or to get his or her son, wife, husband, domestic animal or (rare) object, person must recognize her, him or it among several identical persons, animals or objects
k38eOf copper, of silver, of goldLoci or objects of three (rare – four) different materials are mentioned in such a way that all of them have positive connotations though unequal value (copper, silver and gold; silver, gold and diamonds, etc.)
k38fThe dragon-slayerA reptile monster demands humans (usually virgins) as a sacrifice or abducts a girl or closes sources of water. Hero kills him. Monster’s victims do not play an active part in the plot
k39Man feeds his own flesh to a creature who helps himPerson has to feed powerful creature (usually a giant bird) giving it regularly pieces of meat. When meat supply is exhausted, he cuts off a piece of his own flesh
k41Thunder against a serpent Thunder or giant bird fights against a reptile, big water animal or other big and strong creature who lives in water or under the earth
k47aA woman and a dogAfter having sexual contact with a dog, a woman gives birth to his children. The puppies turn into humans and usually become ancestors of particular groups of people
k47dDog fulfills conditions of marriageA girl marries a dog because only the dog fulfilled the condition of marriage put by the girl's father
k49Dead mother returns to nurse her babyA woman who is transformed into animal or driven out of the human world returns to her baby to feed and to care for him
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
k57CinderellaA girl who conceals her beauty and/or is poor and oppressed by her stepmother puts on a splendid attire and comes incognito to a feast where a man of high status falls in love with her. He marries her after identifying her by an object given to her or lost by her or (rare) seeing how she changes her clothes
k60aHow strong are these bonds?Person lets be firmly tied up when another one say that it's only a joke (e.g. a test to see can the first one break bonds)
k65aSpirits fall from the skyBeing thrown down (usually from the sky), some beings get to different places and turn into spirits or animals with particular functions and names
k66Extraordinary companionsSeveral companions have extraordinary abilities (one who runs fast, one who eats great quantities, one who produces or can withstand severe frost, etc.); a hero comes across and takes for companions several men, each of them being involved into a special and unusual activity
k74Hero, his companions and a dwarfThe hero and his companion or companions live together. Every morning one stays at home while another or others go to hunt, etc. A demonic person comes, eats up all the food and beats the cook. Or the man who remained at home comes to the demon himself in search of fire and is maltreated by him. The hero kills or neutralizes the demon
k74aOnly the hero gets to overcome the demon whose track he then follows Every time a demon commits an outrage upon one of the men who remains at home. When it is the hero’s turn, he overcomes the demon and follows his track to his world
k75The youngest daughter is willing (The loathsome bridegroom)A girl (usually the youngest of several sisters) does not reject but marries a poor, sick, dirty, old, too young, non-human, etc. man who later demonstrates his supernatural qualities
k76A strange sonA boy born into a family or found by his adoptive parents has a strange guise (ball of meat, nut, bag, half of a man, an animal). He possesses magic power, becomes a handsome man and usually marries a girl of high social status. The magic spouse of a princess originally has a non-human or monstrous appearance
k76aFrog as a marriage partnerFrog or toad marries a girl or a handsome youth marries a frog or road
k76hMagic bridegroom threatens the girl’s father with disastersA youth who temporally has a strange or monstrous guise wants to marry a princess but is rejected. He threatens the princess’ father with disasters after which the king agrees to give him his daughter
k77aSmall objects and animals defeat the ogreSmall objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies
k77cOnes who hide in a house frighten dangerous enemyObjects and/or domestic animals live in a house. When dangerous enemy comes, they attack him, he dies or escapes (all texts with K77A and K77B included)
k80Repetitive reincarnationPerson (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form
k92aThe princess responsible for her own fortuneA girl driven away from home or married to a poor man become prosperous
l108The wolf and the kidsAn (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in
l114cTo exchange clothes with ogre's daughtersChildren or youths (usually a group of brothers) exchange clothes (headgears, ornaments, blankets, sleeping places) with their enemy’s children. The enemy kills his or her own children by mistake. Usually brothers get to the ogre or ogress and the youngest advices to exchange places (clothes, etc.) with ogre’s daughters). Outside of Europe the actors can be animals
l125Demonic wife recognizedA man marries a beauty but catches her in a situation when her not human nature is revealed. After this their marriage breaks down
l18Multi-headed birdA bird with two or more heads on top of one body is described in tales or represented in art
l19b2The nine-headed monsterA monster with nine heads is mentioned either alone or at the end of the row of creatures with ever bigger number of heads
l23ProteusPerson gets hold of another. Trying to free himself, the latter turns into different materials, elements, animals or (Urarina and Setebo) orders different dangerous creature to attack the person
l27Girl eaten upTwo girls or young women meet a demon. One or both are not aware of danger. One is eaten up, another escapes
l27aOne is eaten up, another escapesTwo or three children get to the house of a demon or the latter comes to their house. They do not know that the person is a cannibal or are not sure about it. The demon eats up one of the children. Another child (children) escapes, the demon pursues him or them and perishes. Usually the demon is a female, and if he is male, his victims do not arouse in him sexual interest
l37aTo get know causes of problems
l37bSecrets accidentally overheardPerson accidentally overhears secrets of animals or demons and thus gets to know the causes of his and other people's misfortunes
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l63Person eats with vagina or anusPerson eats food with her toothed vagina or with her or his anus
l64Removable headPerson removes part of his or her body (head, scalp, lungs) and then puts it back
l65aThe cannibal sisterA girl born to the family or found proves to be a monster, devours people. Her brother escapes, (usually marries and returns home, finds that everybody had been eaten up), runs away, she pursues him but cannot get
l70Fruit falls and killsPerson or animal is killed or injured with a heavy object dropped from a tree (or rock, etc.). The person or the animal knows that the objects will fall but has falls ideas about its character and weight
m101aAnimals learn to fear menA big predator (bear, lion, tiger) boasts about being stronger than a man. Being told that it’s not so, he finds a man and suggests to struggle but is killed or badly injured as a result. Cf. motif M101
m124A bull’s tailPerson buries a tail or head of a bull or other domestic animal with a tail or horns outside. He explains that the animal sank into the ground and usually asks the others to pull the tail (horns). When they are “torn off”, he tells that people are guilty of the animal being lost
m151aHolding up the rock(Animal) person pretends to hold up a rock, tree etc. and explains that otherwise it will fall
m152Why only one wolf?When a weak animal or a person gets to see a predator animal or an ogre, he says in a loud voice (or asks to say his wife or children) something that frightens the predator (ogre): why the predator (ogre) brought to him is lean (small; only one instead of several), or it is good that more food gets to his house, etc. The predator (ogre) runs away
m152aAnimal tied to another for safetyA stronger and a weaker predator animals (ogre and an animal) tie together for safety. When the stronger one runs away, he drags the weaker one along with him
m157The impossible giving birthPerson claims that a man or a male animal had given birth (or is menstruating) or that a female gave birth to a young of another species or that a woman gave birth to an animal
m157a1Father is giving birthPerson proves the absurdity of the claims of another person saying that his or her father (or other man or a male animal) had given or is giving birth or is menstruating
m157a3To milk a bullPerson demands from the other to bring him an offspring or milk of a male animal
m185On the tail of the fast one (animals)A slow and a fast animals (or not flying bird) agree to race. The slow one imperceptibly sticks to the fast one’s body (or to a vehicle) and getting to the finish pretends to come there simultaneously with the fast one or before him
m198bThe pretended astrologerA person who has not a bit of a skill to expose thieves and find the lost objects does it successfully thanks to a series of lucky coincidences
m198b4The pretended diviner: names of the thievesThe pretended diviner thinks that his exposure is inevitable and pronounces words that reflect his emotional condition. The thieves who stand nearby understand some of these words as their personal names, believe that the diviner knows all about their crime and ask him not to betray them
m202Thorn removed from lion’s pawPerson removes a thorn from the paw (bone from the throat) of a strong and dangerous animal or a demon, the animal (demon) is grateful
m29aTrickster-ravenIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is raven
m29b3The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29w2The tiger is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the tiger suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m39cPumpkin sold as a donkey’s eggA numskull finds or buys an unknown fruit (pumpkin, melon, etc.). He mistakes it for an egg of a donkey (mare. camel, etc.). When he drops it or throws it off he scares a hidden hare (rabbit, fox, mouse, etc.). The fool thinks the fugitive is a young animal hatched from the egg
m57bSweat of the Sun and tears of the MoonBeads or metals are discharged by bodies of deities
m77A soiled bedWhile person is asleep, another smears with excrements or something that reminds excrements his or her bed or clothes. The ashamed person runs away or agrees to make what the trickster wants in exchange of his silence
m83Who is older?Somebody claims that he has been born before present world came into being. His opponent claims the same, and they argue who of them is the older


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Meo (Hmong) of Thailand, Laos and Northern Vietnam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Chinese of Qinghai and Gansu provinces and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lahu, Kucong, Yi, Nosu (Nuosu, Northern Yi), Nisu, Nusu, Sani, Jino, Lolo (incl. Bai), Axi, Nasu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Estonians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lisu, Achang, Taunyo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Koreans; Goguryeo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Guangdong, Guanxi and Yunnan Chinese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Nepali; Tharu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Tribal groups and castes that speak Aryan languages: Dhoba (Dhobi), Halba (Halbi, Pentia), Bhunjia, Lohar (Luhar, Luhara), Kahar, Kamar (Paharia)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Kond (Khond, Kondh; language is Kui, incl Kuttia, Konda-Dora), Koya; Pengo

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Viet, Muong
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Japanese folklore outside of Ryukyu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Guangdong, Guanxi and Yunnan Chinese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Yavanese, Kalang, Madura
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Mongols of Inner Mongolia
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Meo (Hmong) of Thailand, Laos and Northern Vietnam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Shandong Chinese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lisu, Achang, Taunyo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kachin (Jingpho), Chak, Maru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Burmese, Intha