Tiv, Bamum (Bamun), Mungaka (Mgaka, Bali), Beba, Anaguta, Bete (Mbete, Karang), Ekoi, Nyang, Vute (Wute), Jukun, Chamba, Bamileke, Kwotto, Kirri; Denya (Nyang)



Tradition title rus: 
Тив (мунчи), бамум (бамун), мунгака (мгака, бали), беба, экои, ньянг, мбете (каранг), анагута, вуте (бабуте), джукун, чамба, квотто, дака, кирри; бамилеке, денья (ньянг)
Areal ID: 
1.3.1.2
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
140.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
54.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

a14


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

Coming together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses




Motif

a15


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: crossing of the paths
Description: 

The lunar (and solar) eclipse or spots on the lunar disc are expained by the fact that the Sun or the Moon came to a wrong path or that their paths crossed




Motif

a21


Name_eng: 
Luminaries are objects fixed in the sky
Description: 

The sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky




Motif

a33


Name_eng: 
The sun ram
Description: 

The Sun has appearance of a big terrestrial mammal (bull, ram, antilope, pig, rhinocero, etc.) or rides such an animal




Motif

a38


Name_eng: 
The Sun caught in snare
Description: 

Person prepares a snare, loop, noose, etc. to catch the Sun and/or the Sun is caught in a snare, tied by a rope, etc.




Motif

a41


Name_eng: 
The Sun swallows her children
Description: 

Two persons have children (younger siblings, mothers). One of them proposes to another that they should kill (eat, bake, etc.) their children (mothers, etc.) but hides his or her own. The opponent actually kills his or her own kin. One of the persons or/and the only survived child is the Sun




Motif

b2a


Name_eng: 
The female earth
Description: 

The earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman




Motif

b2d


Name_eng: 
Marriage of the sky and the earth
Description: 

The male Sky (the Sun, the Thunder, the creator of the sky) marries the female Earth (or its female creator) or the female Sky marries the male Earth




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

d4b


Name_eng: 
Retribution for using fire
Description: 

Person or people who have stolen fire or asked its owner to share the fire are punished by God




Motif

d4l


Name_eng: 
Fire from the sky
Description: 

First fire is sent to earth from the sky or the ancestors ascend to the sky and bring from there fire or warmth




Motif

e5a


Name_eng: 
Mankind ascends from the underworld
Description: 

The first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together




Motif

e5c


Name_eng: 
People from the sky
Description: 

The first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.




Motif

e9


Name_eng: 
The mysterious housekeeper
Description: 

Person observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one




Motif

f2


Name_eng: 
Pregnant limb
Description: 

Child is born from a tumor or swelling on person's body (on thigh, knee, finger, etc.) or is temporarily placed there or child grows from blood that flew out from a cut




Motif

f8


Name_eng: 
Women and men come together
Description: 

Initially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together




Motif

f17


Name_eng: 
Misplaced genitalia
Description: 

Originally, humans had (had to have; can have under some special confition) their genitals not on the place where they are now; the genitals were absent, or people did not know know their function and used for copulation other parts of the body




Motif

f97


Name_eng: 
The prohibited fruit: origin of sex
Description: 

After eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become sexually aware




Motif

h5


Name_eng: 
People and snakes
Description: 

Reptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death




Motif

h7


Name_eng: 
The personified Death
Description: 

Death (also Old Age, Disease, etc.) is a particular person not identical with the Master of the Dead. He kills people usually carrying away their souls




Motif

h11


Name_eng: 
The call of God
Description: 

People become mortal because they do not hear or answer a call of a being who promises them immortality (or do not pronounce his name) or answer a call (pronouns the name) of a being who brings death




Motif

h12b


Name_eng: 
Ghosts feed on excrements
Description: 

Inhabitants of the land of the dead eat excrements




Motif

h34a


Name_eng: 
Controversy over conditions of life
Description: 

Person has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life




Motif

h36


Name_eng: 
The muddled message
Description: 

Person is sent by god to bring instructions or certain objects but distorts, forgets or replaces them. This has fatal consequences for humans or for a certain species of animals. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)




Motif

h36a


Name_eng: 
Origin of death from the falsified message
Description: 

Person distorts instructions that he must pass to others, intentionally lies, forgets or replaces certain objects that must be given to others. Because of this human beings become mortal (do not revive after death)




Motif

h36b


Name_eng: 
Death and the chameleon
Description: 

Chameleon is responsible for introduction of permanent death or hard life; loses object that the deity trusted him to bring to the earth




Motif

h36hh


Name_eng: 
Death and the frog
Description: 

Frog or toad is responsible for introduction of permanent death




Motif

h43


Name_eng: 
One creates the body, another the soul
Description: 

One supernatural creates the body of the first people, another revives them




Motif

i41


Name_eng: 
Rainbow serpent
Description: 

Rainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail




Motif

i78


Name_eng: 
The square earth
Description: 

The earth is square, the sky is usually round




Motif

i98a


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a hen with its chickens
Description: 

The Pleiades are a brooding hen, hen with its chickens, chickens




Motif

i100


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are girls
Description: 

The Pleiades are a group of girls or women (with children)




Motif

i100b


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a group of people
Description: 

The Pleiades are any people (of any ages and sex, combined data of i99-i100a)




Motif

i120


Name_eng: 
Cornucopia
Description: 

Food and clothes are extracted from the horn of a cow or goat




Motif

j46


Name_eng: 
Enemy drowns
Description: 

Antagonist perishes falling into the water or trying to cross a water body




Motif

k27hh


Name_eng: 
To sort grain
Description: 

A task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains




Motif

k28


Name_eng: 
Father or uncle is rival and enemy
Description: 

Maternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him




Motif

k29a


Name_eng: 
Surviving in a fire
Description: 

Hero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation




Motif

k33b


Name_eng: 
Friends abandon a pretty girl
Description: 

A girl goes with her friends to a river, into a forest, etc. Other girls return home but the heroine has to remain or to go back to the forest, etc. She has a narrow escape from a dangerous creature. marries a supernatural being or a chief, or dies but is avenged




Motif

k105


Name_eng: 
Wonderful son and rat-children
Description: 

A despised wife gives birth to wonderful human children, other wives give birth to animals




Motif

l52


Name_eng: 
Hero escapes from top of a tree
Description: 

Hero hides in a tree from an ogre. Before the ogre gets to fell the tree, the hero flies away or a bird helps him to escape




Motif

l94


Name_eng: 
Child promised to demon
Description: 

A demon helps a man or a woman or lets him or her free. As a reward, the person is forced to promise to give the demon his child




Motif

l106


Name_eng: 
Lost object claimed back
Description: 

An antagonist makes a demand to the hero which is correct in form but really is unjustified. The hero fulfills the claims or is punished. Now antagonist takes an object or animal possessed by the hero, is unable to give it back and is punished




Motif

l108a


Name_eng: 
Goat kills the antagonist
Description: 

A predator animal (ogre, ogress) swallows people or animals. The goat (rare: the sheep) punishes him or her and usually saves the victims (most often opens the ogre’s belly open and the swallowed ones come out alive)




Motif

l109


Name_eng: 
The cannibal gourd
Description: 

A gourd proves to be a cannibal or grows from remains of a monster




Motif

l110


Name_eng: 
The devourer
Description: 

A demonic being swallows a multitude of people and animals. When it is killed and cut open, the swallowed ones come out alive or are revived




Motif

l113


Name_eng: 
The ogre bridegroom
Description: 

A girl (rejects suitors for a long time but at last) falls in love with a handsome man who proves to be a demon or animal. Usually she eventually escapes from him




Motif

l115


Name_eng: 
Perfect gentleman
Description: 

A girl who rejected suitors finds at last a really handsome man. He escorts her to his place and distributes on the way all his clothes and body parts that he loaned before. Only his skull (head) remains




Motif

m28


Name_eng: 
Icarus (failed attempt to fly on artificial wings)
Description: 

Acquiring possibility to fly, person ultimately falls to the ground or remains in a faraway place being unable to fly any more




Motif

m29g


Name_eng: 
Trickster-hare or rabbit
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit




Motif

m29v


Name_eng: 
The duiker (mouse-deer) wins thanks to his smartness
Description: 

Being smart and witty, a small ungulate overcomes strong adversaries. The hero is a duiker, a mouse-deer or other small even-toed ungulates that are not very close biologically but look similar. In some publications on African folklore it is difficult to say what species is meant in particular case




Motif

m29x


Name_eng: 
The hyena is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the hyena suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m30


Name_eng: 
Trickster falls down
Description: 

Person or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return




Motif

m45


Name_eng: 
A predator tricks animals to gather around him
Description: 

An ogre or a stronger animal catches a man or a weaker animal or drives him into a small enclosure. He goes away for a while leaving a watchman. The watchman is unable to fulfill his duty and the man (the weak animal) escapes (usually he dupes the watchman). Most, though hardly all American cases can have post-Columbian African origin




Motif

m57d


Name_eng: 
Beat, cudgel!
Description: 

Person gets one by one magic objects that bring food or treasure. Other people replace them with common objects or take them away by force. The person takes his property back (usually beating the thieves with magic cudgel or whip)




Motif

m104


Name_eng: 
Make believe killing of kinsfolk
Description: 

Person conceals his or her close relatives (children, mother, brothers) and tells another that he or she has killed them. Another believes and agrees to kill his or her own children, mother, etc.




Motif

m112


Name_eng: 
Animals dig a well
Description: 

An animal person refuses to dig or clean a source of drinking water together with other animals or birds but takes advantage of the results of the work




Motif

m118


Name_eng: 
Source of values is destroyed imprudently
Description: 

Person or animal gets access to values that are inside an animal, a tree, a rock or other enclosure. Later he himself or more often somebody else tries to do the same but destroys source of values, blocks access to it or makes it too dangerous




Motif

m126


Name_eng: 
The speaking skull
Description: 

Person comes across speaking head, skull or tortoise and tells others about his experience. When the information is controlled, the skull keeps silence and the man is punished as a liar




Motif

m131


Name_eng: 
Biting tree-root
Description: 

A stronger (animal)-person gets to seize a leg or tail of a weaker one. To get free the weaker one pretends that his pursuer got hold of a tree root, and the pursuer lets his enemy free




Motif

m154


Name_eng: 
The animal language and the stubborn wife
Description: 

A man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.




Motif

m157


Name_eng: 
The impossible giving birth
Description: 

Person claims that a man or a male animal had given birth (or is menstruating) or that a female gave birth to a young of another species or that a woman gave birth to an animal




Motif

m172


Name_eng: 
The hare makes the lion his horse
Description: 

To demonstrate that a strong animal is his slave or his riding animal, a weak animal tricks the strong one to carry him. People believe that the strong one is really a slave of the weak one




Motif

m180


Name_eng: 
Fox and crane invite each other
Description: 

An animal person invites another and serves his food in such a way that he is unable to taste it. Then the other invites the first animal and puts him in similar situation




Motif

m182


Name_eng: 
The tarbaby
Description: 

The (animal) person threatens another to beat him and sticks to him with all his limbs in succession. Usually it is a figure smeared with some sticky substance that the person takes for somebody alive




Motif

e9c


Name_eng: 
Ungulate animal-wife
Description: 

A man marries a woman who initially has guise of an ungulate animal (buffalo, elk, derr, etc.)




Motif

k24


Name_eng: 
Stolen clothes of supernatural woman
Description: 

Women who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a man hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him




Motif

k27n1


Name_eng: 
Task-giver is a king or a chief
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being




Motif

k129


Name_eng: 
The disenchanted beauty
Description: 

Because of the female antagonist, a girl faints and is taken for dead but her body is not decomposed. A valuable marriage partner breaks the charms, she revives




Motif

m29g1


Name_eng: 
Hare or rabbit as the main trickster
Description: 

In most of the episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit. Not considered are traditions in which 1) trickster hare/rabbit is rare while other trickster (usually fox/jackal/coyote) typical; 2) Mesoamerican traditions in which episodes with trickster rabbit are not many and could be borrowed in post-Columbian time being of African origin




Motif

k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)


Name_eng: 
Competitions and difficult tasks
Description: 

Person is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life




Motif

m91


Name_eng: 
The killed corpse
Description: 

Person pretends that a person (often his or her mother, spouse or lover) who recently died is alive, claims that the death of the false alive resulted from negligence of others and gets a reward




Motif

m157a2


Name_eng: 
Bull or cart gives birth
Description: 

Person claims that a calf (colt, kid, etc.) was born (brought to the place) not by the cow (mare, etc.) of another person but by his own male animal (bull, stallion, etc.), his own animal of another species or by inanimate object (usually a cart)




Motif

m157a1


Name_eng: 
Father is giving birth
Description: 

Person proves the absurdity of the claims of another person saying that his or her father (or other man or a male animal) had given or is giving birth or is menstruating




Motif

f73a


Name_eng: 
Vulva is or thought to be wound
Description: 

Vulva is a unhealed wound on the body of the primeval women or the primval people had no sex mistaking vulva for a wound




Motif

m29w1


Name_eng: 
The leopard is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the leopard (panther) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m29w3


Name_eng: 
The lion is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

f5b


Name_eng: 
Artificial bride
Description: 

Person suffests another a woman but does not have any or does not want to give her. He makes artificial girl (of wood, snow, etc.), sends servant girl instead of his daughter, turns into a woman himself, or recognizes his fault when he feels that it is save to do so




Motif

f70d


Name_eng: 
A disgraced informer
Description: 

A castrate or girl pretends to be a man or a cripple girl conceles her injury or a man pretends to be a girl. Some person gets to know about it and plans to expose the deception. At the last moment the hero or heroine magically becomes a real man (or girl; gets back the lost members) and the informer is disgraced




Motif

m118a


Name_eng: 
Forty thieves and jars with oil
Description: 

Chief of thieves (demonic person) brings his men (other demons) into some people’s yard hiding them in empty jars, casks, etc. The plan to kill members of the household at night. A girl (a young woman; rare: somebody else from the family) gets to know about the danger and kills the thieves one by one (usually pouring boiling water into the jars)




Motif

b2e


Name_eng: 
The male earth
Description: 

The earth or the world as a whole is a male person (alone or together with a female person)




Motif

i5


Name_eng: 
Thunder is an animal
Description: 

Thunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)




Motif

k56


Name_eng: 
The kind and the unkind girls
Description: 

One of (step)sisters, co-spouses or young female neighbors meets a being that is able to reward and to punish. She behaves herself properly and is rewarded. Another (other) girl comes to the same being but behaves in a wrong way and is punished (not rewarded).




Motif

k80a1


Name_eng: 
Bird tells about a murder
Description: 

A bird (that usually emerges from the remains of a murdered person or being incarnation of his or her soul) punishes the murderer or tells people about the crime




Motif

l114c


Name_eng: 
To exchange clothes with ogre's daughters
Description: 

Children or youths (usually a group of brothers) exchange clothes (headgears, ornaments, blankets, sleeping places) with their enemy’s children. The enemy kills his or her own children by mistake. Usually brothers get to the ogre or ogress and the youngest advices to exchange places (clothes, etc.) with ogre’s daughters). Outside of Europe the actors can be animals




Motif

m23


Name_eng: 
Mock plea
Description: 

Person or creature pretends to be afraid of a particular sort of treatment that really cannot do him any harm




Motif

m105a


Name_eng: 
Make believe killing of children
Description: 

Person conceals her children and tells another one that she has killed them. Another person really kills her own




Motif

k33


Name_eng: 
Drowned woman remains alive
Description: 

A young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people




Motif

l19b


Name_eng: 
Beings with odd number of heads
Description: 

Being (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads




Motif

k56a2a


Name_eng: 
To wash herself in the red water
Description: 

The girl becomes beautiful or ugly after washing herself in the water of particular color




Motif

m30b


Name_eng: 
Birds give and take back their feathers
Description: 

Birds first give their feathers to a certain person to make him be able to fly or to make him beautiful and then take them back




Motif

m171a


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: getting a girl
Description: 

Person or animal gets to exchange less valuable goods for ever more valuable. The last or the next to last one is a girl




Motif

m154


Name_eng: 
The animal language and the stubborn wife
Description: 

A man obtains knowledge of animal languages but if he reveals the secret, he must die. Once he hears animals talking and laughs. His wife thinks that he laughs at her or at her mother. The man is ready to open his secret and either does it and dies or hears how animals (usually a cock) blame him for being so foolish. So he keeps his secret.




Motif

m171


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: from a pea to a horse
Description: 

Person or animal stays for a night and the next morning declares that his possessions (which value is none or negligible) are lost. Or other persons whom the trickster meets really use or spoil objects that the trickster gives them. Every time he receives in compensation objects or animals with ever bigger value, the last acquisition usually being a costly animal or a girl. (All texts with motifs M171A and M171C contain also the motif M171)




Motif

k61b


Name_eng: 
To get know names
Description: 

To get know names of strangers, person finds or creates situations when the strangers call each other by name




Motif

m171


Name_eng: 
The profitable exchange: from a pea to a horse
Description: 

Person or animal stays for a night and the next morning declares that his possessions (which value is none or negligible) are lost. Or other persons whom the trickster meets really use or spoil objects that the trickster gives them. Every time he receives in compensation objects or animals with ever bigger value, the last acquisition usually being a costly animal or a girl. (All texts with motifs M171A and M171C contain also the motif M171)




Motif

a39a


Name_eng: 
Twelve months
Description: 

Each of calender units (usually the months) that make the year is a separate object or person




Motif

a2c


Name_eng: 
Extra suns are children of the present one
Description: 

Extra suns who almost burned or could burn the world are children of the present one




Motif

i72


Name_eng: 
Stars are people
Description: 

Stars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)




Motif

l21


Name_eng: 
Cannibal’s attention diverted
Description: 

A cannibal under a tree plans to eat up a man who has climbed the tree. The man throws down and afar his pray or some object and escapes while the cannibal rushes to this object or is eating the pray




Motif

m62f


Name_eng: 
Every next assistant kills previous one
Description: 

Person invites others to help him in his work. Every next one is stronger than the one who came before and eats him up, the last two perish when they begin to fight




Motif

m91c2


Name_eng: 
Put into the bag
Description: 

Person is put into a bag (a cage, tied up, etc.) to be drowned, burned, etc. He pretends to be in this situation by his own will or because he refuses to marry a princess, to become a chief and the like. Another person is willing to take his place and is killed




Motif

m181


Name_eng: 
Two companions go to a feast
Description: 

Two animal persons are invited to a feast. Both along the way and at the place of destination one deceives another




Motif

m38


Name_eng: 
Stupid imitation (all versions)
Description: 

Person sees how others act using magic or according to their animal nature. He or she imitates their actions and gets into trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and refer to everyday activity, mostly to providing and cooking food




Motif

j54a


Name_eng: 
The calf and the tiger cub
Description: 

Two women (usually female animal persons) live together, both have children, one of them kills and devours another or wants to do it. The son of the murderer kills his mother and becomes a companion of the victim's son, or the victim’s and the murderer’s children escape together




Motif

m52


Name_eng: 
Butchered carcass
Description: 

A small animal (not a predator) or a weak person kills a big game. He asks another (animal-)person to skin or butcher the carcass. The latter is willing but takes or tries to take all the meat for himself




Motif

m81


Name_eng: 
Blind persons
Description: 

A man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons




Motif

m153a


Name_eng: 
The washed pig
Description: 

The predator wants to eat a person or animal; the victim asks for a favor to let him first wash himself and escapes




Motif

m179a


Name_eng: 
The owner driven out of his house
Description: 

Using a trick the intruder occupies other person’s house and refuses to let the owner in




Motif

m183


Name_eng: 
A race: one against many
Description: 

Many animals of one species that all look identical together fulfill the task that would be impossible for any of them if he were alone; the competitors believe that the task was fulfilled by only one animal. Usually a slow and a fast animals agree to race. The slow one puts other animals of his species at the finish or along the distance, each one answering the fast one that he is ahead of him. The fast one accepts his loss




Motif

k33b


Name_eng: 
Friends abandon a pretty girl
Description: 

A girl goes with her friends to a river, into a forest, etc. Other girls return home but the heroine has to remain or to go back to the forest, etc. She has a narrow escape from a dangerous creature. marries a supernatural being or a chief, or dies but is avenged




Motif

l113


Name_eng: 
The ogre bridegroom
Description: 

A girl (rejects suitors for a long time but at last) falls in love with a handsome man who proves to be a demon or animal. Usually she eventually escapes from him




Motif

l115


Name_eng: 
Perfect gentleman
Description: 

A girl who rejected suitors finds at last a really handsome man. He escorts her to his place and distributes on the way all his clothes and body parts that he loaned before. Only his skull (head) remains




Motif

b98b


Name_eng: 
Bat and funerals
Description: 

Bat is in conflict with other creatures because of the incident related to somebody's death or funerals




Motif

i72a


Name_eng: 
Stars are children of the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

Stars are children of the Moon and/or the Sun




Motif

e1b1


Name_eng: 
Forbidden work for daughter-in-law
Description: 

A man who had married an unusual girl is warned that she should avoid work or food. Some other members of his household make her violate the raboo and she dies or disappears




Motif

e10


Name_eng: 
Pets turn into children
Description: 

A lonely woman or married couple surprises childred who live nearby in guise of animals (plants, objects). After this the children preserve their human guise




Motif

l121


Name_eng: 
Demonic woman marries hunter to kill him
Description: 

A wild animal, ogress or ogre turns into woman and marries a hunter with a special aim to kill him. Usually she goes with the hunter to the forest and acquires there her real guise




Motif

j42


Name_eng: 
Waters split apart
Description: 

When person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground




Motif

l65b


Name_eng: 
Dogs save their master
Description: 

A demonic woman or (rare) her paramour or a monster is going to kill a man usually after driving him up a tree. At the last moment the man's dogs or other animals or birds who are the man's pets come and kill the demon




Motif

m91c1


Name_eng: 
Herd from the river bottom
Description: 

Person gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him




Motif

m91c3


Name_eng: 
Hare the messenger
Description: 

After warning his wife about the planned trick, person lets free a wild animal or bird asking it to pass a message to his wife. Seeing the same (actually another) animal or bird in his companion’s house another man buys the animal for a lot of money




Motif

m57c


Name_eng: 
Gold producing animal
Description: 

An animal (ass, cow, horse, goat, bear, leopard) extracts gold or food from its body or person makes others believe that it is so




Motif

h49


Name_eng: 
Pet defends master’s child
Description: 

A dog or other animal kills dangerous creature who was going to attack the child. The master thinks that the assailant was the pet and kills it




Motif

k33e


Name_eng: 
Disappeared and returned children
Description: 

Babies disappear but are ultimately returned to their mother or father grown up and in good health




Motif

k72a


Name_eng: 
A ban to kindle any light
Description: 

A king notices that his ban to kindle any light during the night is broken




Motif

k107


Name_eng: 
Lost husband found
Description: 

A woman is abandoned by her magic husband. She finds him and becomes his wife again




Motif

m90a


Name_eng: 
To marry a man who would give a correct answer
Description: 

A girl is promised to a man who would know her name or whose finger would fit her ring, or who would guess a material from which certain object is made or grown. Person finds a correct answer by deception




Motif

l108


Name_eng: 
The wolf and the kids
Description: 

An (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in




Motif

j15


Name_eng: 
Woman gets to dangerous creatures
Description: 

Walking in search of her husband, boyfriend, kinsmen, shelter woman or girl gets to the house of dangerous creatures where she is injured or killed




Motif

l116


Name_eng: 
Singing girl in a bag
Description: 

A cannibal (old man, Gipsy, etc.) carries away a girl. He walks from village to village forcing her sing or dance. People recognize her (or her voice) and release her




Motif

l65b3


Name_eng: 
The escape on the tree
Description: 

Persons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)




Motif

k177


Name_eng: 
The travelling heroine
Description: 

A girl or young woman sets off to find or return her fience or her husband or she escapes from a fanger and ultimately marries happily




Motif

l118a


Name_eng: 
To cut his throat imitating a man
Description: 

To get rid of a dangerous but stupid demon or animal, a man commits certain acts. His adversary repeats them without understanding their meanings and makes harm to himself




Motif

i45b


Name_eng: 
Not to point at the rainbow
Description: 

It to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k56a4f


Name_eng: 
The unkind girl becomes ugly
Description: 

The supernatural person does not like the behavior of the unkind girl and punishes her making her ugly (disfigured)




Motif

l118a1


Description: 

Man deceives monkey





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Efe Pygmies, Kango (Mbuti) Pygmies
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bondo, Didayi (Gata')
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Fon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Toraja (Toradja), To Mori, Barée (=Eastern Toraja)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Maria, Muria, and other South-Central Dravidians: Binjhwar, Baсор, Bhattra, Bom, Jhoria (=Jhodia), Gadaba (in Koraput, neighbors of Munda-speaking Gadaba), Duruwa (Parji), Mehtar; Pardhan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Semang, Senoi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Southern Luzon: Pampango, Pangacian, Sambal, Tagal, Tayabas; Calamian
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Mentawai
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Northern Munda of Kharwar branch: Birhor, Ho, Mundari, Kol, Asur (including Agaria, Kol, Birjhia), Bhumij

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ijaw (incl. Kalabari)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Hausa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Zaghawa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ewe
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Akan, Ashanti, Akwapim; Ga (Accra), Kra, Twi (Chwi, Chi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Western Sahara and Mauritania Arabs; Berbers of Mauritania (Zénaga)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kachin (Jingpho), Chak, Maru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Croatians; Italians of Dalmatia (if the motif is absent among other Italians)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Portuguese
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Igbo (Ibo); Isoko, Urhobo