Kaska



Tradition title rus: 
Каска
Areal ID: 
12.1.2.6
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
115.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
47.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

b3a


Name_eng: 
Primeval waters
Description: 

Water is the original element, the dry earth appears later




Motif

b3b


Name_eng: 
Earth grows big
Description: 

Original earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance




Motif

b5b


Name_eng: 
The universal mother
Description: 

Woman (alone or with her companion) gives birth to or creates not only people but also different creatures and objects




Motif

b10


Name_eng: 
Drunk out water
Description: 

Person drinks a lake or all the water in the world or all the water is originally inside person's belly. When a hole is made in it, the water pours out




Motif

b38e


Name_eng: 
Tail base of the loon
Description: 

Person kicks loon or other water bird. Since then this bird has flat tail base and it walks on dry land with difficulty




Motif

b40


Name_eng: 
Rabbit as deer’s proxy
Description: 

Hare or rabbit is a false deer or it was deer in the past or a close kin of the deer or had horns or antlers or missed opportunity to get them, its ears are the false horns




Motif

b40a


Name_eng: 
Missed opportunity to have horns
Description: 

Animal who has no horns now had them before or missed opportunity to get them




Motif

b48


Name_eng: 
Predators become herbivorous
Description: 

Weak or herbivorous animals were dangerous predators but have been transformed




Motif

b57


Name_eng: 
Blood reddens world
Description: 

When some person or animal is killed, blood paints the sky (origin of the sunrise or sunset, of reddish colors of Aurora borealis) or other natural objects (Moon, autumn vegetation)




Motif

b57a


Name_eng: 
Red sunset contains a message
Description: 

When person gets to see that the sky becomes red he or she understands that another person's blood is shed or that another person spilled a red liquid




Motif

b77


Name_eng: 
Primeval sky close to earth
Description: 

Originally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up




Motif

b77a


Name_eng: 
Giant pushed the sky up
Description: 

One or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height




Motif

b97


Name_eng: 
Grateful person makes the bird pretty
Description: 

Grateful person decorates (rare: punishes) a bird who lives near water (kingfisher, loon, goose), thence its appearance (crest, beak, feathers)




Motif

c5b


Name_eng: 
Animal-scouts
Description: 

During the creation of the world or after the world cataclysm animals run around making the earth big, reporting about its condition or they are sent to report the size of the growing earth




Motif

c6


Name_eng: 
Valuables brought from the lower world
Description: 

Persons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)




Motif

c6c


Name_eng: 
The diver is a bird
Description: 

An aquatic bird dives and brings the desired object from the bottom




Motif

c6d


Name_eng: 
The aquisition of the earth from the lower world
Description: 

The dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)




Motif

c19


Name_eng: 
Acquisition of the sun
Description: 

The Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

d8


Name_eng: 
Fire and a predator animal
Description: 

Fire or summer is stolen from a big predator: a lion (in Africa), a tiger (in Asia), a bear (in Siberia and North America) or a jaguar (in South America)




Motif

e10


Name_eng: 
Pets turn into children
Description: 

A lonely woman or married couple surprises childred who live nearby in guise of animals (plants, objects). After this the children preserve their human guise




Motif

e11


Name_eng: 
The burned skin
Description: 

Magic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)




Motif

f9


Name_eng: 
A dangerous woman
Description: 

For different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man




Motif

f18a


Name_eng: 
The long penis
Description: 

Penis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)




Motif

f18c


Name_eng: 
Girls at the opposite bank
Description: 

Seeing a girl on the opposite bank of a river, person uses tricks to have sex with her: sends his long penis, transforms his penis into a bridge or a dam, dives and copulates with a girl from under the water




Motif

f51


Name_eng: 
The clandestine lover
Description: 

Person who conceals his or her identity comes to his or her lover (at night). Next time, the lover puts a mark on the stranger's face, body or clothes doing this intentionally (to recognize him or her) or by chance (that leads to the identification)




Motif

f74


Name_eng: 
Naked person shams dead
Description: 

When a person sees a dangerous enemy, he or she shams dead taking his or her clothes off, or the enemy takes off them himself. The enemy believes that it is a corpse, lets it alone




Motif

h10


Name_eng: 
Stone sinks, stick floats
Description: 

People are mortal because stone thrown into the water sank. They have missed a chance to be like wood or other organic matter that floated




Motif

h19


Name_eng: 
Raven tries to starve people
Description: 

Raven hides or scares game animals preventing hunters to kill them. People outwit him




Motif

h23


Name_eng: 
Fat horns
Description: 

Objects (animal horns, tree fungi, heartwood) that are now stiff and inedible consisted of fat




Motif

h28


Name_eng: 
Plagues from the body of a person or creature
Description: 

Killed and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures




Motif

h36ff


Name_eng: 
Death and the raven
Description: 

Raven is responsible for introduction of permanent death




Motif

i6


Name_eng: 
Weather birds
Description: 

A man meets a giant bird that brings with it clouds, rain, hail, thunderstorm, etc.




Motif

i6a


Name_eng: 
Male and female birds: different kinds of precipitation
Description: 

The male and the female birds bring with them different kinds of precipitations (e.g. the male comes with a hail, the female with a rain). Or (Buryats of Mongolia) one and the same bird brings different kinds of precipitations depending on is it angry or not.




Motif

i22


Name_eng: 
Objects in permanent movement
Description: 

There are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)




Motif

i22a


Name_eng: 
Rising and falling sky
Description: 

The sky is constantly moving up and down in respect to earth




Motif

i25


Name_eng: 
The bribed guards
Description: 

Way to the place of a certain person is guided by dangerous creatures (which often stand on the both sides of the pathway). Person placates them by gifts or nice talk, and they let him or her go the both ways, sometimes being punished for this by their master




Motif

i72


Name_eng: 
Stars are people
Description: 

Stars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)




Motif

j13


Name_eng: 
Two sisters
Description: 

Two sisters (if more, only two play a significant role in the plot) travel and meet an unpleasant suitor or get to an ogre




Motif

j44


Name_eng: 
The broken bridge
Description: 

Person or his helper draws his enemies on the unstable bridge and destroys it. The enemies fall into water, into a precipice




Motif

j45


Name_eng: 
The stretched out leg (crane bridge)
Description: 

Person stretches his or her leg or neck as a bridge across water body. The fugitives or those who walk ahead cross the bridge; the persecutor or those who are behind usually fall because the person takes his bridge off




Motif

j46


Name_eng: 
Enemy drowns
Description: 

Antagonist perishes falling into the water or trying to cross a water body




Motif

j55


Name_eng: 
Unrecognized hero comes across enemies
Description: 

Hero comes across different creatures or persons who do not recognize him. Everyone tells that he is waiting for the Hero to kill him. The hero easily kills or transforms them himself




Motif

k1e


Name_eng: 
Marooned on an islet
Description: 

Person is marooned on an islet or on another side of a sea or wide river




Motif

k1f


Name_eng: 
Conflict because of a woman
Description: 

A man maroons another because of jealousy or because he plans to take hold of his wife




Motif

k2


Name_eng: 
The destroyed ladder
Description: 

Hero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)




Motif

k4


Name_eng: 
The bird nester
Description: 

Person climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k12


Name_eng: 
Woman is lost and returned
Description: 

By trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back




Motif

k16


Name_eng: 
To get access to a girl in guise of a bird or an animal
Description: 

Disguised as a bird, small animal or insect, a man penetrates into the place of a girl (into her father’s house)




Motif

k17


Name_eng: 
The ornitomorphic suitor
Description: 

An ornitomorphic hero impregnates a girl magically or imperceptibly for her




Motif

k19b


Name_eng: 
Star-husband
Description: 

A woman maries a star-man




Motif

k19e


Name_eng: 
Wolverine under a tree
Description: 

When a woman or two sisters descend from sky back to earth, they get to the top of a tree. Some animals who walk by cannot help them or do not want to help. Wolverine gets women down because he plans to marry them but they escape from him




Motif

k19g


Name_eng: 
Two stars of different color and brightness
Description: 

Two stars are men, an old and a young ones. They look different as about their color or brightness but these characteristics do not correlate (the bright star can prove to be an old man and vice versa. Usually two girls wish these stars for husbands and express different preferences (one prefers bright blue star, another wants small and red one, etc.)




Motif

k20


Name_eng: 
Wish for star-husband or wife realized
Description: 

A human person admires a star or (rare) the Moon in the sky, expresses desire to marry it or (rare) to get a star-object. Star descends to him or to her or takes him or her to the sky




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k27n


Name_eng: 
Difficult tasks of the in-laws
Description: 

A man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage




Motif

k27p


Name_eng: 
Antagonist mourns loss of his helpers
Description: 

The antagonist sends the hero to the place where he is attacked by dangerous creatures. The hero kills them and brings to the antagonist. The creatures are the antagonist's relatives, pets, or helpers, therefore he or she mourns their death or revives them




Motif

k27y


Name_eng: 
To get material for making bow and arrows
Description: 

Hero is sent or sets off by his own will to get two or more different materials needed for making bow and arrows (wood or reed for shafts, feathers, tendons for string, flint for points, paint to paint the shafts, gum to stick points to the shafts)




Motif

k30


Name_eng: 
Flying enemy abducts woman
Description: 

Flying person or creature abducts a woman but is ultimately killed or the woman escapes from him




Motif

k31


Name_eng: 
Wooden seal
Description: 

Person makes a sea mammal or fish of wood, it carries another person or persons into the open sea or kills him or them




Motif

k32


Name_eng: 
The false wife
Description: 

An ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.




Motif

k32b1


Name_eng: 
Mother substitutes her daughter
Description: 

Mother-in-law of a man takes the appearance of her daughter to replace her




Motif

k32c


Name_eng: 
True wife turns into owl
Description: 

When the imposter takes place of the real wife, the latter turns into owl




Motif

k43a


Name_eng: 
Compassionate person saves fire
Description: 

People abandon a boy, a girl, brother and sister, a group of children, or a young family without fire and food. A compassionate person conceals hot coals for the outlaws in the abandoned camp




Motif

k47a


Name_eng: 
A woman and a dog
Description: 

After having sexual contact with a dog, a woman gives birth to his children. The puppies turn into humans and usually become ancestors of particular groups of people




Motif

k51


Name_eng: 
The deceived wife
Description: 

A Man disappears or goes away for long time. His wife sets off, comes to a house where her husband lives now or first sends her son there. She gets to know that he has married another woman




Motif

k54


Name_eng: 
Two giants
Description: 

A man meets a dangerous giant (or serpent) who proves to be friendly to him. When another giant fights with the first one, the man helps his friend




Motif

k54a


Name_eng: 
Cut tendons
Description: 

A man and a friendly giant live together. The friendly giant fights with another one and asks the man for help. This help proves to be crucial because the man badly injures a foot of another giant




Motif

k67


Name_eng: 
Burned moccasins
Description: 

Two men spend a night in a forest, take their moccasins or clothes off usually to dry them near the fire. One plans to burn the moccasins or the clothes of another at night. The latter imperceptible interchange their things and the first man burns his own property




Motif

l4


Name_eng: 
The unmasked murderer (The Blue Beard)
Description: 

Person kills girls (rare: his nephews or younger brothers of his wife) in succession (usually the male person kills his wives). The last of potential victims escapes, usually after finding remains of those who had been killed or imprisoned earlier




Motif

l40


Name_eng: 
Reflection and shadow
Description: 

Person discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water




Motif

l42


Name_eng: 
Hero carried to ogre’s home
Description: 

An ogre or ogress catches a person and brings him to his or her home where he or she plans to cook and eat him. The hero escapes




Motif

l48


Name_eng: 
Demons devour their comrades
Description: 

A man kills (usually in a tree, on a rock, at the edge of a well, of a precipice) and/or throws down one of his enemies. The other enemies do not recognize their comrade and think that their prey is falling down




Motif

l50


Name_eng: 
Cliff ogre
Description: 

A person kills those who are passing by him. Usually he does not attack them all of a sudden but first distracts their attention. Usually he throws down his victims into a precipice, lake, etc.




Motif

l61


Name_eng: 
Endocannibal
Description: 

Person devours his or her own flesh or disembowels himself or herself




Motif

l66


Name_eng: 
Tunnel under the monster
Description: 

A small animal digs an underground hole to the place where the monstrous stag, elk, antelope, or buffalo lies. Hero climbs along the tunnel and kills the monster




Motif

l67


Name_eng: 
Monster’s hair gnawed off
Description: 

After digging a tunnel under a lying monstrous animal, a small animal (usually a mouse) bites off the monster's hair at a certain place. Hero kills the monster thrusting his spear or arrow through the hairless place into the monster's heart




Motif

l79


Name_eng: 
Two co-wives, human and monstrous
Description: 

A girl marries a powerful benevolent man. His first wife is a monster. The man kills her or is glad that she is killed by his human wife




Motif

l105


Name_eng: 
Invisible missile
Description: 

Animal, fish or person wounded by hero runs or swims away, usually with the man's projectile in his or her body. Local doctors are not able to cure the wound (usually because they do not see the projectile). The hero or his companion comes to the place where the wounded one lives and cures him or her (usually extracting his projectile from the wound)




Motif

l118


Name_eng: 
Caught in a split log
Description: 

(Animal) person provokes another to put a part of his body into a split log (between two planks, etc.) and removes the wedge




Motif

m8a


Name_eng: 
Birds peck a rock to release prisoners
Description: 

Birds and sometimes also animals work hard to break from the outside or from the inside a rock, a tree truck, bonds, etc. to release some beings or themselves from confinement in a small enclosure or trap




Motif

m16


Name_eng: 
Ugly or sick one becomes healthy and handsome
Description: 

A kinfolk (often his mother) or wife (bride) of a sick (ugly, old) man or boy do not care for him. He becomes healthy (and handsome), punishes and/or abandons those who were evil with him




Motif

m16a


Name_eng: 
Diving bird’s medicine
Description: 

A supernatural helper (usually a loon) makes a blind man to regain his eyesight diving with him into water




Motif

m17


Name_eng: 
Woman lies that man missed
Description: 

A blind man or lad kills an animal. His wife or (grand)mother lies that he has missed, cooks and eats all the meat alone




Motif

m18


Name_eng: 
Stolen arrows and hooks
Description: 

Person transforms himself into an object of hunting or fishing, provokes hunters of fishermen to catch or shoot him and carries way the tools that they use (arrows, darts, harpoons, hooks, baits). Or he fishes by turning himself into a hook. Or he is caught but escapes turning back into a person




Motif

m18b


Name_eng: 
Getting fishing hook or harpoon
Description: 

Person turns into a fish to steal fishing hook or harpoon or he turns into fishing hook to catch a fish




Motif

m22


Name_eng: 
Helpful stock
Description: 

A long-necked bird living near water (stork, heron, bittern, swan) saves person from dangerous pursuer




Motif

m29a


Name_eng: 
Trickster-raven
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is raven




Motif

m29f


Name_eng: 
Wolverine is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolverine suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m46b


Name_eng: 
A stratagem: baby born by woman
Description: 

Person turns into tiny object or creature. Touching or swallowing it, the woman conceives and gives birth to a baby-boy. The boy steals valuables or make love to the woman




Motif

m53


Name_eng: 
Hoodwinked dancers
Description: 

Person invites birds or animals (usually geese and ducks) to dance or stand around him and concentrate their attention on some activity (usually to dance with their eyes shut), kills them, usually one by one. Or (rare) he dances himself with his eyes shut and then kills water fowl who gather around him




Motif

m60a


Name_eng: 
A hunter comes to one whom he wounded
Description: 

An animal or a supernatural creature is wounded but escapes. Local doctors are helpless. The hero or his companion, masked as a doctor, comes to the wounded one and either cures or kills him.




Motif

m94


Name_eng: 
Sliding downhill
Description: 

One person or animal suggests another to slide downhill to kill or harm him or her




Motif

m162b


Name_eng: 
Sour sap into the bear’s eyes
Description: 

Person makes believe to rub sour berries into his eyes. Another (always a bear) suggests to rub the same sap into his eyes and is blinded. The person kills him




Motif

k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)


Name_eng: 
Competitions and difficult tasks
Description: 

Person is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life




Motif

k27n3a


Name_eng: 
Task-giver is the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind (Cloud, Rain)




Motif

k27y1


Name_eng: 
Arrow points made of coal
Description: 

Person believes or pretends that the arrow points should be of coal, bark, grass and the like.




Motif

m29b2


Name_eng: 
The bear is a failure/enemy
Description: 

Because of its stupidity or unsocial behavior, the bear suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

b97a


Name_eng: 
The necklace of bird or animal
Description: 

A strip of light or dark feathers or hair on the neck of a bird or animal is its necklace




Motif

m94a


Name_eng: 
Sliding downhill: victims of antagonist
Description: 

A demonic person provokes his victims to slide downhill and kills them




Motif

k25a6


Name_eng: 
Magic wife does not forgive the unfaithfulness of the man
Description: 

A wife from the non-human world agrees to live with the mortal man but abandons him when he becomes unfaithful to her (when he visits his mortal wife)




Motif

k176


Name_eng: 
A man in search of the woman
Description: 

A (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife




Motif

m75


Name_eng: 
Valuables taken off the vultures
Description: 

Person attracts and catches the carrion-eaters (usually some birds) and thanks to this obtains valuables retrieves valuables (fire, woman, animals, etc.)




Motif

f35


Name_eng: 
Feeding with the paramour’s meat
Description: 

Person feeds another with the meat of his or her sexual partner who cooks or eats it without knowing whose meat it is




Motif

k27yy1


Name_eng: 
To get feathers of a dangerous bird
Description: 

Hero brings a feather (feathers) of a dangerous bird




Motif

i141


Name_eng: 
The magic stick
Description: 

A stick is a tool to initiate processes which results have no rational explanation




Motif

f9e1


Name_eng: 
Dangerous animal in vagina
Description: 

Woman is dangerous because biting or stinging animal or animals is (are) inside her genitals (and not only the head of such an animal)




Motif

f9e


Name_eng: 
Mice in vagina
Description: 

There are small mammals with sharp teeth in woman's genitals.




Motif

l65b3


Name_eng: 
The escape on the tree
Description: 

Persons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)




Motif

l92


Name_eng: 
Feigned suggestion to help the ogre
Description: 

Person escapes to a tree or high rock. An ogre tries to cut it down. Some person or animal suggests the ogre to have a rest, promises to work instead of him but spoils his work or (in Subarctic) kills him when the ogre gives him his axe. (Africa versions have Eurasian origins)




Motif

m29a1


Name_eng: 
Raven (crow) is the main trickster
Description: 

In three or more different episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is raven (crow)




Motif

c6c4


Name_eng: 
The duck is successful diver
Description: 

The duck (or an aquatic bird similar to the duck) dives and brings a piece of earth that is transformed into the dry land (it is the only or the only successful diver)




Motif

a21


Name_eng: 
Luminaries are objects fixed in the sky
Description: 

The sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheux)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Hare (incl. Sahtu, or North Slavey, and Bearlake)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Chipewyan (Dëne Sųłıné)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Carrier
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Western Ojibwa (Chippewa)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Western Apache (White Mountain, San Carlos)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Northern Ojibwa (=Severn Ojibwa, Sandy Lake Cree, Northern Saulteaux)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tagish
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Blackfoot
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lipan

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 8 Tradition:
Tagish
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Tahltan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tutchone
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Dogrib, Slavey
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheux)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tlingit
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bella Coola (Nuxalk)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Carrier
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Athna
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Western Ojibwa (Chippewa)