Dards (Kalash, Kho, Kohistani, Shina, Pashai)



Tradition title rus: 
Дарды: калаши, кхо, кохистани, шина, пашаи
Areal ID: 
5.4.4.2
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
160.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
56.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a12aEclipses: a predator animalDuring an eclipse or at other circumstances the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a predator animal (a bear, a feline, a canine, a racoon)
a12fEclipses: the creditorA creditor comes from time to time to the Sun or the Moon to claim back his money producing eclipses
a19cThe sun horse The Sun is associated with a horseman or rides in a cart driven by horses (equids)
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a32hThe Moon plantA tree or bush is seen in the moon
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b109Person turns into bearPerson turns into a bear (origin of bears)
b33Mother of windFemale person is incarnation of wind, mother of winds, etc.
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b46Big Dipper is seven menEvery one of the seven main stars of the Ursa mayor is a an adult man
b46cBig Dipper is seven persons or animalsEvery main star of the Big Dipper is interpreted as a particular person or animal
c19Acquisition of the sunThe Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
c6dThe aquisition of the earth from the lower worldThe dry land (the earth) grows from a small amount of solid substance (sand, clay, dirt and the like) brought from the lower world (usually from the bottom of the ocean)
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e9dDog-wifeMan marries a girl who initially has guise of a dog
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f35aFeeding with the kin’s meatPerson does not know that he or she eats or cooks the meat of the member of his or her household (blood relation, more rare a spouse or servant) or serves it to his or her friends, or uses her or his bones for everyday needs, or slowly kills him ort her
f62Incognito at the feastAn (ostensibly) sick (ugly, weak, poorly clad) person remains at home when others go to the feast. The person comes by himself or herself looking like a handsome man or beautiful girl. The man (woman) does not recognize him (her) and feels against her (him) sexual interestю (All texts with motif k57, Chinderella, are also included into f62)
f70Potiphar's wife: false accusation of sexual abuseWoman makes vain overtures to young man and/or falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. Her husband believes that the young man is guilty, kills or tries to kill him
f70bRevenge of a rejected womanA woman revenges on a man who rejected her love but necessary not pretends to be an object of sexual harassment from his part
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f9fAsmodeusDemon (snake) regularly kills woman’s husbands during the first night, the woman herself being ignorant about the reason of their death
h16aRivers of bloodRivers (lakes) of blood (also of puss, bones, sweat or water used for washing of corpses) are mentioned in narratives (in different context)
h16bThe basin of milkA river (wave, lake, basin) of milk that exists on earth (and not among the stars) is mentioned in narratives (in different context)
h40Dog is the guard of manDog guards (successfully or unsuccessfully) the (still unfinished) physical body of man or the entrance to paradise
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h51The demonic horseA horse eats people or is associated with antagonist of the God
h6c2Water of life in the land of darknessThere is a land of darkness at the edge of the world. Those who are eager to get water of immortality or gold go there
i127Ursa major is a bedUrsa major is a bed, a cot, a bedstead
i25The bribed guardsWay to the place of a certain person is guided by dangerous creatures (which often stand on the both sides of the pathway). Person placates them by gifts or nice talk, and they let him or her go the both ways, sometimes being punished for this by their master
i25aBones to cowsPerson sees that food put for certain animals is inedible for them and corrects situation (usually gives to herbivorous animals food that was given before to predators and vice versa)
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i35a1aInsulting the GodPerson claims to be equal to the high god, imitating him, mocking upon him or making attempt to kill him
i35a2Thunder is rolling stones or vesselsThunder is heard when stones or big vessels are rolled, dragged, overthrown in the sky
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i47Rainbow is filthRainbow is a flatulence of a demon, a spray of a skunk, is associated with spit, urine, feces, genitals, etc., causes skin diseases, is associated with death
i50aTorn off legs of the helpful animalDemon tears off or devours one by one legs of aт animal who helps the hero, usually of his riding horse
i51aBull the earth-holderBig mammal supports the earth
i53Insect bothers the world-supporting beingThe animal or the fish which supports the earth is bothered by an insect. The animal moves and the earth tremblesThe animal or the fish which supports the earth is bothered by an insect. The animal moves and the earth trembles (or an animal being afraid of the insect does not dare to move)
i64Milky Way is a trace of animalsMilky Way is a trace of big animals who were walking or running along it
i64aRace along Milky WayTwo different ungulates run a race in the sky. Usually Milky Way is their trace of dust
i69Star dungShining sky objects or atmospheric phenomena are excrements of sky dwellers
i76aSnake turns into dragonAfter certain time a snake or fish turn into a dragon
j23A late son kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy or twins. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j23cYoungest brother kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j25aSon of the graveMother dies or is killed. Her (still unborn) baby-son is buried with her. He comes out of the grace, meets people, then returns to the grave but ultimately agrees to remain with the people
j51One piece is missingPerson or animal is eaten up or destroyed otherwise. His bones are put together and he or it is revived. Because one bone was broken, swallowed or lost (or a drop of blood, a small piece of flesh lost), the person or animal cannot be revived or being revived misses some part of his or its body
j62People turned into stonesPerson transforms people who come to him or her into inanimate objects, usually stones
k100aTobiasA young man lets free a fish or an animal that was caught or he or his father renders a help to somebody. When the young man sets off for a journey, the grateful creature or person in guise of a stranger or animal becomes his companion and protector
k100fYouth lets the fish goWhen an unusual fish (rare: bird or some water being) is caught, the (young) man lets it go. His father (the king) drives him away or the man goes away by his own initiative. The saved fish (bird) helps him
k100gThe son must be sacrificedTo revive or to cure his friend (rare: himself) or to fulfill a vow person is ready to sacrifice his small (young) son (children). The son revives or the supernatural powers are satisfied with the very willingness of the person to commit sacrifice
k103Helpful cowCow (ox, bull) helps an orphan child or a young woman who got into trouble
k103bCow the spinnerA cow (goat) magically spins or weaves: eats the yarn and extracts the thread, suggests to wind the yarn over its horns, etc.
k118The prohibited roomMaster of the house allows person to feel himself (herself) free bit not to look into particular place. The person breaks prohibition
k119Animal helper marries a poor boy to a princessTo make a poor man rich (usually to marry him to a rich girl or to marry a poor girl to a prince), an animal makes other people believe that the groom is rich already. The man becomes prosperous indeed
k119eA success story of a miller A poor boy whom his animal helper has made rich passing him off as a rich man at the king’s court, is a miller or son of a miller
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k121Wanderer at a crossroadIt is written at a crossroad that following one of the paths person will safely return and following another it will not return (there is often a third path following which person either returns or not). Hero follows the dangerous path
k122Queen of the other world comes to identify the heroA man gets to the powerful woman who lives in the world unreachable without the supernatural helpers, and then returns back. An imposter claims hero's deeds for himself. The powerful woman comes and finds the real hero, punishes (rejects) the imposter
k123Old woman’s curseA youth or (rare) girl offends an elder woman. Her words make him or her to be overcome by desire to undertake something dangerous (usually to get a particular marriage partner)
k123aA broken vesselA youth breaks or overthrows a vessel of a woman or girl. This episode is a trigger for the narrative
k129The disenchanted beautyBecause of the female antagonist, a girl faints and is taken for dead but her body is not decomposed. A valuable marriage partner breaks the charms, she revives
k130aGirl in house of several brothersA group of young men live apart. A girl comes to them or is born magically. The men keep her as their sister. After some time she is separated from them and is in danger but ultimately she is rescued
k134The planted treasureTo accuse a guest of theft, a host plants a treasure into his guest’s bag
k136aGirl’s hair picked up from a riverA man finds the woman’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner
k157Robbers killed one by onePerson tricks his enemies to leave their enclosure one by one and cuts off their head as soon as the next one appears before him. In rare cases the multi-headed enemy thrusts his heads on by one and the hero cuts them off
k160aDemon’s answers to his wife’s questionsA woman who lives in the house of a supernatural person conceals the man who had come to her and puts questions to this person. The answers that are received and became known to the man are of great importance for him
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k27hhTo sort grainA task: to sort a large amount or small particles of different kind (usually seeds of different plants) mixed in container or to count such particles or to pick up the spilled grains
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27oBall gameA contest: ball game
k27zGame of chance for life and deathPerson becomes a master of another after winning a game (game of chance or Intellectual game but not a sport tournament)
k27z6The stone of pityBeing a victim of the injustice and after much suffering, a young woman speaks with a certain inanimate objects (often it is “the stone of pity”) telling it her sad story or her husband does it. The woman is rescued and the justice reinstated
k28Father or uncle is rival and enemyMaternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him
k2bThe Mountain-man and the Oak-manThe pastimes or only names of the hero’s companions are unusual and different but their specific qualities that they must possess considering their names are irrelevant for the plot. Cf. motif K66, “Extraordinary companions”
k32iTwo sitters at the bed of a sleeping princeA girl finds a body of a sleeping youth who will wake up at a certain time and marry the girl who would sit nearby. Usually at the last moment the girl goes away for a time and the impostor takes her place.
k33hThe cat, the dog and the magic objectA man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)
k33hThe cat, the dog and the magic objectA man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)
k35aHero brands his rivalsIn exchange for temporal advantages, person agrees to be maimed or branded
k38Hero helps the nestlingsFor helping its children, their powerful mother or father who is a giant bird or (rare) other flying being helps the hero
k38bThe nestlings and the aggressive snakeA serpent or water monster regularly devours or injures children of a bird or other flying creature (almost always nestlings of giant bird). The hero kills the serpent (monster)
k38b4Serpent comes out of the waterPowerful bird has its nest on the tree that stands in or nearby the body of water. The serpent (reptilian monster) comes out of it to devour the nestlings
k38eOf copper, of silver, of goldLoci or objects of three (rare – four) different materials are mentioned in such a way that all of them have positive connotations though unequal value (copper, silver and gold; silver, gold and diamonds, etc.)
k38e4Palace of gold and silver bricksA palace (castle, crypt, church, bridge) made of gold and silver modules (usually bricks, more rare planks) is mentioned in narratives (in different context)
k38f4Fire-breathing monsterFrom the mouth of a monstrous creature or person who is the enemy of the hero fire is coming out; its breath is fire
k38f7Wild animals are hero’s dogsPerson obtains some wild animals (of two or more different species) who serve him like dogs
k39Man feeds his own flesh to a creature who helps himPerson has to feed powerful creature (usually a giant bird) giving it regularly pieces of meat. When meat supply is exhausted, he cuts off a piece of his own flesh
k56The kind and the unkind girlsOne of (step)sisters, co-spouses or young female neighbors meets a being that is able to reward and to punish. She behaves herself properly and is rewarded. Another (other) girl comes to the same being but behaves in a wrong way and is punished (not rewarded).
k56a4bYarn is gone with a windA girl is told to clean (to spin) yarn (to weave, etc.). The yarn (spindle, a piece of fabric, etc.) is carried away by the wind. In search of it the girl comes to a person who makes her beautiful (gives precious gifts and the like)
k56a4fThe unkind girl becomes uglyThe supernatural person does not like the behavior of the unkind girl and punishes her making her ugly (disfigured)
k56a4gThe ugly girl: outgrowths on her faceAfter her visit to the supernatural person the unkind girl gets ugly outgrowths on her face or head (tail, horns, warts, etc.)
k56a9Helpful mouse rings a bellUsing a bell (drum, etc.) an animal (usually a mouse) produces sounds which the antagonist who is blind or is outdoors takes for the sounds produced by the hero (heroine). Thanks to this the hero escapes
k57CinderellaA girl who conceals her beauty and/or is poor and oppressed by her stepmother puts on a splendid attire and comes incognito to a feast where a man of high status falls in love with her. He marries her after identifying her by an object given to her or lost by her or (rare) seeing how she changes her clothes
k57eYoung girl is provoked to kill her motherBecause of her simple-heartedness or by chance a young girl becomes a cause of her mother’s death
k66Extraordinary companionsSeveral companions have extraordinary abilities (one who runs fast, one who eats great quantities, one who produces or can withstand severe frost, etc.); a hero comes across and takes for companions several men, each of them being involved into a special and unusual activity
k93Twin brothers and a womanAfter a series of adventures and victories, the hero gets into trouble. His twin brother or the best friend follows his traces, gets across the same persons but overcomes the last enemy and revives (liberates) the hero
k93aSword of chastitySleeping in one bed with a woman, man puts a sharp or thorny object between them as a sign of chastity (sometimes the woman herself puts the sword)
k93b2Conception from eaten fruitAfter eating a fruit (usually an apple, in Northern traditions also an egg), the sterile woman gives birth to a son or twins
l104Fugitive and pursuer change guisesA fugitive turns in succession into different animals or objects. A pursuer does the same, every time becoming an animal or a person who is dangerous for the fugitive in his given guise
l108The wolf and the kidsAn (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in
l108aGoat kills the antagonistA predator animal (ogre, ogress) swallows people or animals. The goat (rare: the sheep) punishes him or her and usually saves the victims (most often opens the ogre’s belly open and the swallowed ones come out alive)
l15aVulnerable place on the bodyThe only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s or creature’s body and not in his inner organs
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l15eHero’s life in his swordHero's life is in certain object, usually in his weapon. When antagonist steals the object, the hero dies but revives after his friends or brothers find the object and bring it back
l19bBeings with odd number of headsBeing (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads
l19b3The twelve-headed monsterA monster with twelve heads is mentioned either alone or at the end of the row of creatures with ever bigger number of heads
l37bSecrets accidentally overheardPerson accidentally overhears secrets of animals or demons and thus gets to know the causes of his and other people's misfortunes
l39Hero is compelled to descend from a treeWhen a person climbs a tree, a demon comes to it and carries the person away, or the person follows the demon to his world by his own will
l39cQuickly grown fruit treeA boy (rare: girl) climbs a fruit tree that is recently grown up (usually from a seed thrown by the boy) to eat fruits. An ogress tries to make him (her) descend to the ground
l39dTo pass an apple from hand to handA boy climbs a tree to eat fruits. A demon asks him to share the fruits with her (him) but not to throw them to the ground but give them from hand to hand. The demon grabs the boy and carries him away
l42bCredulous children of the ogreAn ogre's child or (rare) wife believes in what hero tells him (or her) and releases him. Usually the hero kills the child and puts its meat to cook in the very pot where the ogre planned to cook the hero
l65aThe cannibal sisterA girl born to the family or found proves to be a monster, devours people. Her brother escapes, (usually marries and returns home, finds that everybody had been eaten up), runs away, she pursues him but cannot get
l65bDogs save their masterA demonic woman or (rare) her paramour or a monster is going to kill a man usually after driving him up a tree. At the last moment the man's dogs or other animals or birds who are the man's pets come and kill the demon
l65b3The escape on the treePersons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)
l72The obstacle flightRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer
l72gObstacle flight: the thrown saltRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws salt creating an obstacle on the way of the pursuer
l72iObstacle flight: the thrown soapRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws a piece of soap creating an obstacle on the way of the pursuer (a slippery mountain, a river, etc.)
l81Demon’s firePerson sets off in search of fire and finds it in the house of a demon. The demon makes harm to the person
l93aHelpful foxCunning fox, jackal or coyote saves particular person or many people, helps them
l94Child promised to demonA demon helps a man or a woman or lets him or her free. As a reward, the person is forced to promise to give the demon his child
l96bThe yogi boiled in his own pot of oilA man comes into the power of a yogi or demon. He asks the man to walk round the boiling pot of oil or to prostrate himself before the image of a deity. The man asks him to show how to do it and pushes him in or the pot or beheads him
m100Sleep at the edge of a cliffAnimal persons lie to sleep at the edge of a bluff or cliff. At night one of them tells another (others) to move a little, the companion (companions) falls down and dies
m116Wisdom of hidden old man saves kingdomPeople are ordered to kill their fathers or (rare) mothers (the Nyoro: to deprive them of power and property; the Baluch: not to take them setting off for the journey). An old man concealed by his son helps to resolve difficult problem
m116aUngrateful son reproved by naive actions of own sonWhen an aged father is banned from the table and served his meals in a wooden cup by his son and his daughter-in-law, the little grandson starts to build a similar cup for his parents to use when they grow old. Thereupon the couple starts to reflect on their undignified behavior. Thinking of their own old age, they bring the old father back to the family table (previously type 980B). A son gives his father half a blanket (carpet, cape, cloth) to keep warm. Thereupon the little grandson keeps the other half of the blanket and explains that he will save it for his parents for when they are old (previously type 980A.). An aged father is abandoned by his son in the wilderness (abyss) in a cart (sledge, basket). The grandson keeps it in order to use it in the same way for his parents when they have grown old. They reflect on their behavior. (previously type 980C). The ungrateful son drags his old father out of the house. At the threshold the father says, "Do not drag me further; I dragged my own father only this far!". The son reflects on his bad behavior
m118aForty thieves and jars with oilChief of thieves (demonic person) brings his men (other demons) into some people’s yard hiding them in empty jars, casks, etc. The plan to kill members of the household at night. A girl (a young woman; rare: somebody else from the family) gets to know about the danger and kills the thieves one by one (usually pouring boiling water into the jars)
m127aThe quail makes the fox laughTrickster animal asks a bird to make him laugh. The bird sits on the head of a woman (child, cow, etc.), other person tries to kill the bird, hits the wife (breaks cow's horn, etc.). Or the bird distracts person attention to let the trickster steal the person’s food
m130aA bird helps an animal to escape from the snareA predator animal lures a herbivorous animal into the hunter's trap and hopes to feast on its entrails. A bird advices the herbivorous animal to sham dead and helps him to escape
m136Sickle as an unknown beastGrain is harvested with inappropriate tools. Seeing sickle for the first time, people take it for a dangerous animal
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m193Flight inside pumpkinTo pass unnoticed dangerous animals on his or her way back, person crawls into a gourd, a big cattle, etc. and is rolling inside it along the road, or he walks transforming his appearance in a bizarre way
m198Wise brothers (the king is bastard)When three brothers (rare: a person) are Invited to khan (judge, king, etc.) and served delicious food, they claim that the food and drink have a taste (smell) of a corpse, dog, goat etc. and/or their host is of a low descent or a bastard. Investigation confirms that their deduction was correct
m198aWise brothers (the strayed camel)Three or four brothers (rare: one man) see the track of a domestic animal and are able to deduce how it looked like (lame, had no tale, carried oil and honey, etc.) or they deduce how the man who had stolen the animal looks like
m198a1The eldest: it is round, the middle: it is hard, the youngest: it is a nut!Three brothers in succession and without obvious reason describe an object or a person which or whom they have never seen
m198a3Who did steal the ruby?One of the brothers steals a treasure for which all of them have equal rights or he is a bastard. Brothers come to a powerful person and want him to say who of them is the thief or the bastard. Usually the person tells a story and discovers the guilty one considering his reaction
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29b1The wolf is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolf suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29b2The bear is a failure/enemyBecause of its stupidity or unsocial behavior, the bear suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29b3The fox (jackal, coyote) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the fox, jackal or coyote suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29w1The leopard is a failure Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the leopard (panther) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29z1The Bald-headedA bald person acts in narratives (thence his usual name: Taz, Tazchi, Kal, Keloglan, Kechal etc.)
m39a6iAnswer betraying a theftPerson asks a servant to bring another some food or object and to pass certain words which for the servant have no meaning. Hearing these words, the recipient understands that the servant had appropriated part of what he had to bring
m39a6jThis house has no earsA girl mildly (allegorically) reproaches the person who suddenly entered the house or expresses her regret for having no dog to warn about the coming guest
m39cPumpkin sold as a donkey’s eggA numskull finds or buys an unknown fruit (pumpkin, melon, etc.). He mistakes it for an egg of a donkey (mare. camel, etc.). When he drops it or throws it off he scares a hidden hare (rabbit, fox, mouse, etc.). The fool thinks the fugitive is a young animal hatched from the egg
m57d3Wind grants a wishWind person grants a wish to a man
m75b4The Trojan Horse: gaining of the womanTo gain a woman, a man hides inside a hollow figure or a carcass of a big animal (horse, bull, etc.). Person who guards the woman brings it to her. The man comes outside and becomes the woman’s lover. Or a woman hides inside the figure of the horse that is brought into the room of a man
m81eNot to graze animals on the ogre's landThe young man takes the job of grazing animals and is warned not to cross the border of the ogre’s land. The hero ignores the warning and overcomes the ogre
m84Revived from bonesPerson, animal, fish or (rare) a fruit is eaten up and then revived, usually after all bones (all seeds) being put together
m84aGoat resuscitatedSupernatural beings kill and eat an animal and then put all the bones together (in the animal's skin). After the feast the animal becomes whole (and usually revives)
m90a4The tree of gemsA tree which has gems or adornments instead of fruits is described; particular parts of the tree are made of different metals or precious stones
m91bThe sold ashesUsing trick, a man sells or exchanges for treasure ashes. Another person tries to sell ashes and is ridiculed
m91b1The sold skinA man goes to sell a skin of domestic animal and on his way, by trick or thanks to chance, gets a big sum of money. Usually coming back he explains that this was the price of the skin but when other people kill their animals they cannot sell skins for such a sum. (In India the hero sometimes pretends to sold cow meat to brahmins for whom it is forbidden)
m91c1Herd from the river bottomPerson gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition: Bulgarians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ancient Italy: Latins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kolam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bhils (incl Barela-Bhilala), Pardhi, Kokna, Parwa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lithuanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Serbs, Monte Negro,
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ingush
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ossetians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Pashto

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition:
Tajik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Persians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kurds
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Luri, Bakhtiari
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Armenians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bulgarians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Dungan of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Italians: Central (Toscana, Umbria, Marche, San-Marino, Lazio)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Turkmen
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Maltese