Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), Nauru, Banaba (Ocean island)



Tradition title rus: 
О-ва Гилберта (Кирибати), Науру, Банаба (Оушен); о-ва Токелау
Areal ID: 
7.2.5.7
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
89.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
59.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a17The Sun’s relax at the middayAfter passing half of the its way across the sky (in the day time) or in the underworld (in the night time), the Sun stops to have a rest
a21Luminaries are objects fixed in the skyThe sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a32kFirst to the Sun, then to the MoobPerson seen in the Moon initially had to get to the Sun or the Sun and the Moon argue who of them should get the person
a38The Sun caught in snarePerson prepares a snare, loop, noose, etc. to catch the Sun and/or the Sun is caught in a snare, tied by a rope, etc.
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a46The Sun and Moon emerge from the eyes of a beingThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) appear from eyes of an anthropomorphic being
a46aThe Sun and Moon are eyes of a deityThe Sun and Moon (Rig-Veda: the Sun only) are associated with eyes of an anthropomorphic being (the motif of their emergence, creation from his eyes is not obligatory)
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b43PurushaParts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77aGiant pushed the sky upOne or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height
b77cSerpent pushes sky upSerpent-like creature pushes the sky far away from the earth
c25bA spinner in the MoonIn the sky, on the Moon (rare: on the Sun), i.e. somewhere outside of our world certain person is spinning, weaving, plaiting, or embroidering
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
e32People born from treesFirst people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed
e9nSea mammal-wifeMan marries a seal, dolphin or porpous who takes guise of a woman and lives with her in the human world
f49The abnormal birthCesarean operation upon a woman at childbirth as a custom
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f8Women and men come togetherInitially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f97The prohibited fruit: origin of sexAfter eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become sexually aware
f99Baby copulates with his motherA baby son turns into an adult man, copulates with his mother, then acquires his baby guise
f9cSnake in vaginaSnake (Pacific snake-eel in Polynesia) is in vagina; around the woman's thighs; vagina is a mouth of a snake; a woman with toothed vagina is associated with a snake; a snake crawls out of woman's mouth to bite off the man’s penis during the copulation
f9e1Dangerous animal in vaginaWoman is dangerous because biting or stinging animal or animals is (are) inside her genitals (and not only the head of such an animal)
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
g21Coconut palm from a human headCoconut palm grows out of the human head
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g23aAlive being turns into plantsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated
g8Restored treeA deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working
g8bCutting tree to get a personPerson hides in a tree. Somebody tries to fell it but the notch disappears and the tree becomes intact
h56The prohibited fruit (origin of death)After eating certain fruit, berry, tuber, etc. people become mortal (cf. motif F97: people become sexually aware)
h6bThe life-medicine spilled on plantsThe life-medicine is accidentally spilled not on men but on plants which become evergreen, capable for regeneration or producing fruits
i1The thunderbirdsCreatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird
i104Stars are fragmentsStars are fragments of a bigger luminary (usually the Moon); or stars, the sun and the moon are formed from one and the same primeval person or creature
i2Lightning from eyesLightning emerges from eyes or mouth of the being who is thought to produce thunderstorms
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i22eObjects in permanent move on the way of the deadOn their way to the Beyond, souls of the dead must get between clashing rocks or other moving obstacles
i22gClapping rocksThere are mountains or rocks which permanently collide and separate again from each other or a crack (jaws) in a vertical cliff which is opening and closing
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i33Tree of the deadThe ultimate aim of the afterlife journey is to reach certain tree
i35Dragging a hide produces thunderThunder is produced by dragging behind a dry animal skin or (rare) a person (rare) or by shaking clothes
i36Thunder and lightning are relatives, spouses or in-laws Thunder and lightning (two thunders, two lightings) are close relatives, spouses or in-laws
i37fFungi are earsFungi or mushrooms are named “ears”
i43aThe celestial monsterGiant reptilian monster (serpent, more rare fish, chain of fish) extends in the sky and/or supports the sky being associated with Milky Way or the rainbow
i43bMilky Way is a serpent or fishMilky Way is a reptile, fish, or chain of fish
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i7The cloud serpentA flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i8e1Four supports of the worldThe sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)
j12Travelling girl walks across suitorsA girl (or two sisters) travel, usually in search of a proper marriage partner who lives far away or who has gone away. On her way or after reaching the place of destination the girl gets to some unpleasant suitors
j57Son of the SunA virgin girl is impregnated by the Sun and gives birth to a son or twin boys. When her son (or the twins) grows up, he (they) comes to his father
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k16To get access to a girl in guise of a bird or an animalDisguised as a bird, small animal or insect, a man penetrates into the place of a girl (into her father’s house)
k17The ornitomorphic suitorAn ornitomorphic hero impregnates a girl magically or imperceptibly for her
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k177The travelling heroineA girl or young woman sets off to find or return her fience or her husband or she escapes from a fanger and ultimately marries happily
k21Woman gets to the sky and marries a sky-dwellerWoman gets to the sky and marries a sky-dweller
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k27eEating or drinking contestPerson or animal must eat (drink) enormous quantity of food (beverage) or eat or drink poisonous beverage or food
k27n3cTask-giver is a zoomorphic beingPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with an animal, a bird or a fish
k28Father or uncle is rival and enemyMaternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him
k29bPosthole murderHero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured
k61bTo get know namesTo get know names of strangers, person finds or creates situations when the strangers call each other by name
l107The ear-sleepersAnthropomorphic beings have huge ears (use them for blankets, umbrellas, etc.)
l13The reared up monsterA small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous
l132The theft of food: a family conflictWhen a member of a small (family) group secretly eats the food reserved for others, a serious conflict (often a murder) follows
l133Limbs put asidePerson is capable to preserve his limbs apart from his body and use them when needed
l14Reared up serpentA small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)
l19aBeings with even number of headsBeings (any besides birds) with even but not more than ten number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. Beings that with even number of heads named in a row with other multi-headed beings and the highest number is even or bigger than ten are not considered
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l65b3The escape on the treePersons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)
l72The obstacle flightRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer
l81Demon’s firePerson sets off in search of fire and finds it in the house of a demon. The demon makes harm to the person
m21A protector hides fugitivesThe protagonist pursued by an enemy comes across a person, an animal or an object to help him and receives help
m46The false babyPlanning to get or to return valuables, person turns into baby or in a small objects that has power to impregnate a woman. The picked up or the born baby steals the valuables and acquires his real guise (including cases according to which the girl herself is the desired valuable)
m46aA stratagem: the picked up babyPerson turns into baby, is picked up by the owner of valuables, steals the valuables or makes love to a woman. The baby is not a demonic creature and does not plan to kill those who picked him up (cf. motif L60)
m49Man in a skin of anotherHero comes across a (animal-)person from an enemy group and takes his or her appearance, usually dressing himself in a skin of his victim; after this he penetrates the enemy camp
m5aPassengers of the sinking canoeSmall animals ride a canoe, it sinks, all try to save their lives in their own way
m5bThe ungrateful passengerAn animal (often the rat) who cannot swim well is brought to the shore by another one but pays him with ingratitude
m5cThe hairy octopusThe octopus or star-fish was covered with hair but the rat had eaten it up
m7Hero waiting to be picked upGetting into the lower or upper world, to an island, a country at the horizon, etc. a man is unable to move further and waits for somebody who could bring him to his destination. Some animals, birds or celestial bodies pass by, the last one (often the Sun or the Moon) picks him up and brings to the place he is eager to go
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons
m81cBlinds met in the skyGetting to the sky or (rare) to the lower world a man comes across one or two blind persons, then returns to the earth. Usually he cures their eyes
m81dBlind persons curedA man comes across (often in the sky) one or two blind persons and cures their eyes


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Truk, Eastern Fayu, Losap, Pulap, Puluwat, Mortlock (incl. Satawan)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tuvalu (Ellice)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ponape, Ngaik, Mwoakil (Mokil), Kusaie (Kosrae)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Mandingo (Manden, incl San, Samo), Kagoro, Bambara (Bamana), Malinke, Kassonke, Diula
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Eastern Arunachal Pradesh: Abor (incl Minyong, Shimong, Padam, Pasi, Panggi), Apa Tani (Apatani), Bori, Bugun, Dafla (=Nyishi, Nisi, Nishing, incl Tagin), Gallong (=Galo, Adi), Mishmi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Toraja (Toradja), To Mori, Barée (=Eastern Toraja)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Melanesians and Papuans of Central Solomons: Vella la Vella (Bilua language), Shortland islands (Mono language), San Cristobal, Saint Georgia, Eddystone, Vangunu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Indian literary tradition (Vedic, Brahman, Purana, Indian Buddhism, Hinduism, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Panchtantra, Jatakas); iconography of Hindu temples
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Miao (Hmong) and Yao of Southern China
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Papua–New Guinea Southern Lowland Papuan groups (Trans New Guinea and unclassified): Gimi, Kiwai, Bina, Mawabula, Mawatta, Keraki, Gambadi (incl. Kwavaru), Purari River delta, Masingara, Wiram (=Suki), Ngain, Daga, Elema

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 8 Tradition:
Tuvalu (Ellice)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Ontong Java, Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuria
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Ulithi, Ngulu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Southern Cook Islands: Mangaia, Rarotonga, Atiu, Iatutakim Pukapuka, Tubuai (=Austral Islands, incl Rapa)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tokelau
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Chukchi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, (Lower) Cowlitz
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Halmahera Papuans: Galela, Loda, Pagu, Modole, Tabaru (Tobaru), Tobelo, Tidore, Ternate
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Sechelt (incl Sisiatl), Squamish, Halcomelem
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Haida