Central Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo, Araki, Aore, Maewo, Malekula, Vao, Efate (Vate), Shepherd Islands, Nguna, Mae, Ambrim, Pentecost, Oba (=Aoba, East Ambae, Lepers'), Omba



Tradition title rus: 
Центральные острова Вануату: Эспириту-Санто, Аоре (рядом с Эспириту-Санто, язык мавеа), Араки (рядом с Эспириту-Санто), Маэво (=Аврора), Малекула, Вао (у СВ побережья Малекулы), Уипив (рядом с Малекулой), Эфате (=Вате), о-ва Шеперд (между Эпи и Эфате), Маэ, Пентекост, Оба (=Аоба, Восточный Амбе, Леперс), Омба (вулканический остров рядом с Оба), Амбрим, Нгуна
Areal ID: 
7.1.6.5
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
92.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
61.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a14aThe conflict between the Sun and the MoonThe Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations
a22To the sky from a bonfireAfter getting into the fire or boiling water, one or two persons ascend to the sky and turn into the Sun and/or Moon
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
b10Drunk out waterPerson drinks a lake or all the water in the world or all the water is originally inside person's belly. When a hole is made in it, the water pours out
b16aSea from the urineThe sea is produced from urine or blood
b17Night in containerDarkness is a particular object that can be carried (usually brought from its original owner in a container)
b18Light in containerDay light (also warmth, the sun, the moon) is kept as a particular object in a container, under a cover, etc.
b30aMurdered person turns into fishFish emerges from remains of a killed person or creature
b36Creatures acquire their physical traitsBirds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics
b36aTwo creatures decorate each otherTwo zoomorphic personages decorates each other or somebody decorates each of them
b38The ruined paintingPerson paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result
b38aTwo birds decorate each otherTwo birds decorate each other, one becomes worse than it was before
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b4The fished out earthIslands or continent are fished out of the ocean or pulled to their present place by rope
b44aCouncil on seasons: units of timeAnimals (Melanesia: persons) discuss the number of discrete units of time that should be in a certain calendar period or in the night
b44cShould warmth and light exist?It is discussed if darkness or light, cold or warm periods should exist
b5aTwo creators: a dialogueIn the beginning of time, a male and a female persons meet each other and become engaged into the dialogue
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77aGiant pushed the sky upOne or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height
b77bSky touched with a long objectThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)
b77b1Sky touched with a pestleThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food
b7bWaters from broken potSea, river, waters of flood flow out of a small receptacle
d5Woman as the owner of the fireFemale person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e32People born from treesFirst people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed
e39Pig ancestorA pig is an ancestor of a particular group of people
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
f1First woman is a transformed manWoman, female supernatural or animal females are created by changing the sex of a man (or male animals)
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f20A strong embraceMan and woman embrace each other forever or for a long time
f38Women and sacred knowledgeWomen were possessors of the sacred knowledge, sanctuaries or ritual objects which are now taboo for them or they made attempts to acquire such a knowledge or objects
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
f86aAn eaten up petPerson take care for a fish, crab or other small creature. Another person spies on him or her, kills the pet and eats it up or try to do it
f96Ugly man becomes handsomeA girl (wife) rejects an ugly youth (her husband). He becomes handsom (usually thanks to the help of a supernatural person). Those who were evil to him are punished
g13People ate rotten woodBefore acquisition of cultivated plants people ate rotten or soft (Ceiba L., Ochroma Sw.) wood; some people eat rotten wood
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
h11The call of GodPeople become mortal because they do not hear or answer a call of a being who promises them immortality (or do not pronounce his name) or answer a call (pronouns the name) of a being who brings death
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h12bGhosts feed on excrementsInhabitants of the land of the dead eat excrements
h12cOrpheus: to return the dead wifeHusband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again
h20Fish disperse in the worldAll the fish or (rare) shellfish) was concentrated in one place. Certain person lets it lose or puts it into the rivers or sea
h24fMeat in a packagePerson can magically put a lot of meat or fish into a small package or vessel which is easy to carry
h32aSuperfertility lost: a maltreated wifeSupernatural woman comes to live with humans. Thanks to that, food becomes easily available. She is maltreated, goes away, temporal superfertility is lost forever
h34aControversy over conditions of lifePerson has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life
h36eDeath and the ratRat is responsible for introduction of permanent death
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h4aProcess of rejuvenation is brokenPeople do not become young (usually do not shed their skin) anymore because certain person was bothered during rejuvenation or was not recognized by his family in his new guise
h5People and snakesReptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death
i108The Pleiades are a personThe Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons
i11Cosmic turtle or toadA turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i22fClashing treesPerson must go beyond relatively small objects (trees, logs, blades) which are incessantly clashing and parting, rising and falling
i22gClapping rocksThere are mountains or rocks which permanently collide and separate again from each other or a crack (jaws) in a vertical cliff which is opening and closing
i26Dangers on the way of soulsOn its way to the Beyond, a soul has to defend itself or divert attention of guards who wait for it giving presents to them
i27Chthonic canineA dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead
i31Master and mistress of the deadIn the Beyond, two mythological personages, one male and another female, meet the newcomers, or the same person meet the women in the female and the men in the male guise
i37fFungi are earsFungi or mushrooms are named “ears”
i48aFalling down into the underworldAt the terminal part of the narrative the antagonist of the hero descends into the underworld
i66Ashes on Milky WayMilky Way is ashes or smoldering coals
j25Babies escape and returnHeroes (usually one or two), being still babies or embryos, escape or are thrown away, often into the water. To bring them back into the human world, they are lured (persuaded) to come out or caught with difficulty
j25aSon of the graveMother dies or is killed. Her (still unborn) baby-son is buried with her. He comes out of the grace, meets people, then returns to the grave but ultimately agrees to remain with the people
j27Lodge-boy and Thrown-awayA small boy (several babies) was thrown away, born by the dead woman, lives in the water (in forest, etc.). Another boy lives with his father or mother. Ultimately the first boy comes to live in the locus of the second one. Often (see motif j25, Babies escape and return) during some time the boy who lives in the wilderness meets secretly with his brother (with other children, with pups that had been fed up by his mother) who lives with the people
j42Waters split apartWhen person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground
j58The arrow ladderPersons shoot arrows (darts) which hit each other’s end forming a chain (rope, ladder). Persons climb by this chain to the sky or (rare) across an obstacle
j58cBridge of arrowsTransformation: chain of arrows to bridge
j59Following arrow to get to the skyTo climb to the sky, person must first to shoot an arrow that reaches the sky and sticks to it
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25a1Magic wife finds her clothesMagic wife abandons her mortal husband when she finds her clothes (often, her feathers if she is a bird-woman), makes herself the new clothes, receives them from her kin or her husband gives her her clothing believing that she will not abandon him. (Versions with magic wife abandoning her husband because she feels herself offended is not alternative to the “found clothes but in most of the texts these motifs are not combined)
k25a6Magic wife does not forgive the unfaithfulness of the manA wife from the non-human world agrees to live with the mortal man but abandons him when he becomes unfaithful to her (when he visits his mortal wife)
k27n3bTask-giver lives in the sky but is not the Sun, Moon, Thunder or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks or tests to the hero or heroine lives in the sky but is not associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind
k27tClimbing contestA contest: to climb a pole or tree
k29aSurviving in a fireHero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation
k3Tree or rock grows tallerHero climbs up a tree or rock to get eggs, nestlings, fruits, honey, etc. Another person makes the tree (rock) grow higher or thicker and the hero is unable to descend back
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
l103Obstacle flight (Atalanta type)Treasure, or the like, is thrown back to tempt pursuer to delay
l108The wolf and the kidsAn (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in
l13The reared up monsterA small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous
l14Reared up serpentA small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)
l28The snake-eaterPerson who have eaten a prohibited meat or fish turns into monstrous snake or fish
l3Husband turns into demonA demon takes appearance of a man and comes to his wife or (rare) to other woman. The woman (alone or with her child) runs away and/or kills the monster (herself or with somebody's help)
l56Fire in monster’s bellyA monster or a big animal dies when fire is kindled in its belly
m11The unclean foodPerson feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food
m44cThieves of food: a young heroA boy or young man comes to steal food of a person who is elder than he. Usually he is caught but not punished and invited to live with the elder person
m5aPassengers of the sinking canoeSmall animals ride a canoe, it sinks, all try to save their lives in their own way
m5bThe ungrateful passengerAn animal (often the rat) who cannot swim well is brought to the shore by another one but pays him with ingratitude
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons
m81cBlinds met in the skyGetting to the sky or (rare) to the lower world a man comes across one or two blind persons, then returns to the earth. Usually he cures their eyes


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition: Papua–NewGuinea Highland Papuans:Trans New Guinea & unclassified:Chimbu,Gimi,KaugelHuli,Gadsup,Kuman,Kutubu,Foi (Foe),Kyaka,Kamano (Kafe),Mawatta,Kukukuku (=Anga,=Sambia;Manki,Nauti,Ejuti),Baruya,Kewa,Tembregak,Menya,Melpa,Wiru,Pondoma
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Shuar, Achuar (Shiwiar)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lacandon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Navajo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Northern Vanuatu: Banks Islands (incl Mota, Mota Lava, Gaua, Santa Maria), Torres Islands
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Yuma proper (Quechan), Mohave, Maricopa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Cahuilla, Cupeño
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Harákmbet (=Mashco)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sepik-Ramu stock: Abelam, Yatmul, Aibom, Ayom (incl Tembregak, Asai-river pygmies), Tangu, Porapora (Ambakich), Rao and other groups of Middle Ramu and Upper Keram River tribes; Kwanga, Watam, Kaian, Gamei, Awar; Kire (Lower Ramu)

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tuvalu (Ellice)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Viet, Muong
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), Nauru, Banaba (Ocean island)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Southern Cook Islands: Mangaia, Rarotonga, Atiu, Iatutakim Pukapuka, Tubuai (=Austral Islands, incl Rapa)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ontong Java, Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuria
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Haida
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Marshall Islands, incl Ailinglapalap, Arno, Jaluit, Kili, Lae, Maloelap, Majuro, Ratak, Wotho, Ujae, Jaluit (=Jalooj), Namdrik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Sechelt (incl Sisiatl), Squamish, Halcomelem
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ponape, Ngaik, Mwoakil (Mokil), Kusaie (Kosrae)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ulithi, Ngulu