Central Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo, Araki, Aore, Maewo, Malekula, Vao, Efate (Vate), Shepherd Islands, Nguna, Mae, Ambrim, Pentecost, Oba (=Aoba, East Ambae, Lepers'), Omba



Tradition title rus: 
Центральные острова Вануату: Эспириту-Санто, Аоре (рядом с Эспириту-Санто, язык мавеа), Араки (рядом с Эспириту-Санто), Маэво (=Аврора), Малекула, Вао (у СВ побережья Малекулы), Уипив (рядом с Малекулой), Эфате (=Вате), о-ва Шеперд (между Эпи и Эфате), Маэ, Пентекост, Оба (=Аоба, Восточный Амбе, Леперс), Омба (вулканический остров рядом с Оба), Амбрим, Нгуна
Areal ID: 
7.1.6.5
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
92.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
61.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

a22


Name_eng: 
To the sky from a bonfire
Description: 

After getting into the fire or boiling water, one or two persons ascend to the sky and turn into the Sun and/or Moon




Motif

a32


Name_eng: 
Figure on lunar disc
Description: 

A figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)




Motif

a32d


Name_eng: 
Man in the Moon
Description: 

Human being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon




Motif

a35


Name_eng: 
Spots on the lunar disc
Description: 

Dark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure




Motif

b3a


Name_eng: 
Primeval waters
Description: 

Water is the original element, the dry earth appears later




Motif

b4


Name_eng: 
The fished out earth
Description: 

Islands or continent are fished out of the ocean or pulled to their present place by rope




Motif

b5a


Name_eng: 
Two creators: a dialogue
Description: 

In the beginning of time, a male and a female persons meet each other and become engaged into the dialogue




Motif

b10


Name_eng: 
Drunk out water
Description: 

Person drinks a lake or all the water in the world or all the water is originally inside person's belly. When a hole is made in it, the water pours out




Motif

b16a


Name_eng: 
Sea from the urine
Description: 

The sea is produced from urine or blood




Motif

b17


Name_eng: 
Night in container
Description: 

Darkness is a particular object that can be carried (usually brought from its original owner in a container)




Motif

b30a


Name_eng: 
Murdered person turns into fish
Description: 

Fish emerges from remains of a killed person or creature




Motif

b36


Name_eng: 
Creatures acquire their physical traits
Description: 

Birds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics




Motif

b38


Name_eng: 
The ruined painting
Description: 

Person paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result




Motif

b38a


Name_eng: 
Two birds decorate each other
Description: 

Two birds decorate each other, one becomes worse than it was before




Motif

b44a


Name_eng: 
Council on seasons: units of time
Description: 

Animals (Melanesia: persons) discuss the number of discrete units of time that should be in a certain calendar period or in the night




Motif

b44c


Name_eng: 
Should warmth and light exist?
Description: 

It is discussed if darkness or light, cold or warm periods should exist




Motif

b77


Name_eng: 
Primeval sky close to earth
Description: 

Originally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up




Motif

b77a


Name_eng: 
Giant pushed the sky up
Description: 

One or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height




Motif

b77b


Name_eng: 
Sky touched with a long object
Description: 

The sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)




Motif

d5


Name_eng: 
Woman as the owner of the fire
Description: 

Female person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire




Motif

e9


Name_eng: 
The mysterious housekeeper
Description: 

Person observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one




Motif

f1


Name_eng: 
First woman is a transformed man
Description: 

Woman, female supernatural or animal females are created by changing the sex of a man (or male animals)




Motif

f7


Name_eng: 
The water-maiden
Description: 

Man takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)




Motif

f18a


Name_eng: 
The long penis
Description: 

Penis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)




Motif

f20


Name_eng: 
A strong embrace
Description: 

Man and woman embrace each other forever or for a long time




Motif

f38


Name_eng: 
Women and sacred knowledge
Description: 

Women were possessors of the sacred knowledge, sanctuaries or ritual objects which are now taboo for them or they made attempts to acquire such a knowledge or objects




Motif

f86a


Name_eng: 
An eaten up pet
Description: 

Person take care for a fish, crab or other small creature. Another person spies on him or her, kills the pet and eats it up or try to do it




Motif

f96


Name_eng: 
Ugly man becomes handsome
Description: 

A girl (wife) rejects an ugly youth (her husband). He becomes handsom (usually thanks to the help of a supernatural person). Those who were evil to him are punished




Motif

g23


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into many objects
Description: 

Person or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)




Motif

h4


Name_eng: 
The shed skin
Description: 

Those who change their skin become young again




Motif

h4a


Name_eng: 
Process of rejuvenation is broken
Description: 

People do not become young (usually do not shed their skin) anymore because certain person was bothered during rejuvenation or was not recognized by his family in his new guise




Motif

h5


Name_eng: 
People and snakes
Description: 

Reptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death




Motif

h11


Name_eng: 
The call of God
Description: 

People become mortal because they do not hear or answer a call of a being who promises them immortality (or do not pronounce his name) or answer a call (pronouns the name) of a being who brings death




Motif

h12


Name_eng: 
The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s death
Description: 

The alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks




Motif

h20


Name_eng: 
Fish disperse in the world
Description: 

All the fish or (rare) shellfish) was concentrated in one place. Certain person lets it lose or puts it into the rivers or sea




Motif

h32a


Name_eng: 
Superfertility lost: a maltreated wife
Description: 

Supernatural woman comes to live with humans. Thanks to that, food becomes easily available. She is maltreated, goes away, temporal superfertility is lost forever




Motif

h34a


Name_eng: 
Controversy over conditions of life
Description: 

Person has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life




Motif

h36e


Name_eng: 
Death and the rat
Description: 

Rat is responsible for introduction of permanent death




Motif

i11


Name_eng: 
Cosmic turtle or toad
Description: 

A turtle, toad, or frog supports the earth (sky) or is its embodiment




Motif

i26


Name_eng: 
Dangers on the way of souls
Description: 

On its way to the Beyond, a soul has to defend itself or divert attention of guards who wait for it giving presents to them




Motif

i27


Name_eng: 
Chthonic canine
Description: 

A dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead




Motif

i66


Name_eng: 
Ashes on Milky Way
Description: 

Milky Way is ashes or smoldering coals




Motif

i108


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a person
Description: 

The Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons




Motif

j25a


Name_eng: 
Son of the grave
Description: 

Mother dies or is killed. Her (still unborn) baby-son is buried with her. He comes out of the grace, meets people, then returns to the grave but ultimately agrees to remain with the people




Motif

j27


Name_eng: 
Lodge-boy and Thrown-away
Description: 

A small boy (several babies) was thrown away, born by the dead woman, lives in the water (in forest, etc.). Another boy lives with his father or mother. Ultimately the first boy comes to live in the locus of the second one. Often (see motif j25, Babies escape and return) during some time the boy who lives in the wilderness meets secretly with his brother (with other children, with pups that had been fed up by his mother) who lives with the people




Motif

j42


Name_eng: 
Waters split apart
Description: 

When person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground




Motif

j58


Name_eng: 
The arrow ladder
Description: 

Persons shoot arrows (darts) which hit each other’s end forming a chain (rope, ladder). Persons climb by this chain to the sky or (rare) across an obstacle




Motif

j59


Name_eng: 
Following arrow to get to the sky
Description: 

To climb to the sky, person must first to shoot an arrow that reaches the sky and sticks to it




Motif

k3


Name_eng: 
Tree or rock grows taller
Description: 

Hero climbs up a tree or rock to get eggs, nestlings, fruits, honey, etc. Another person makes the tree (rock) grow higher or thicker and the hero is unable to descend back




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k24


Name_eng: 
Stolen clothes of supernatural woman
Description: 

Women who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a man hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k29a


Name_eng: 
Surviving in a fire
Description: 

Hero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation




Motif

l3


Name_eng: 
Husband turns into demon
Description: 

A demon takes appearance of a man and comes to his wife or (rare) to other woman. The woman (alone or with her child) runs away and/or kills the monster (herself or with somebody's help)




Motif

l13


Name_eng: 
The reared up monster
Description: 

A small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous




Motif

l14


Name_eng: 
Reared up serpent
Description: 

A small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)




Motif

l28


Name_eng: 
The snake-eater
Description: 

Person who have eaten a prohibited meat or fish turns into monstrous snake or fish




Motif

l56


Name_eng: 
Fire in monster’s belly
Description: 

A monster or a big animal dies when fire is kindled in its belly




Motif

l103


Name_eng: 
Obstacle flight (Atalanta type)
Description: 

Treasure, or the like, is thrown back to tempt pursuer to delay




Motif

l108


Name_eng: 
The wolf and the kids
Description: 

An (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in




Motif

m44c


Name_eng: 
Thieves of food: a young hero
Description: 

A boy or young man comes to steal food of a person who is elder than he. Usually he is caught but not punished and invited to live with the elder person




Motif

m81


Name_eng: 
Blind persons
Description: 

A man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons




Motif

m81c


Name_eng: 
Blinds met in the sky
Description: 

Getting to the sky or (rare) to the lower world a man comes across one or two blind persons, then returns to the earth. Usually he cures their eyes




Motif

b77b1


Name_eng: 
Sky touched with a pestle
Description: 

The sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food




Motif

k25a1


Name_eng: 
Magic wife finds her clothes
Description: 

Magic wife abandons her mortal husband when she finds her clothes (often, her feathers if she is a bird-woman), makes herself the new clothes, receives them from her kin or her husband gives her her clothing believing that she will not abandon him. (Versions with magic wife abandoning her husband because she feels herself offended is not alternative to the “found clothes but in most of the texts these motifs are not combined)




Motif

h12b


Name_eng: 
Ghosts feed on excrements
Description: 

Inhabitants of the land of the dead eat excrements




Motif

g13


Name_eng: 
People ate rotten wood
Description: 

Before acquisition of cultivated plants people ate rotten or soft (Ceiba L., Ochroma Sw.) wood; some people eat rotten wood




Motif

b18


Name_eng: 
Light in container
Description: 

Day light (also warmth, the sun, the moon) is kept as a particular object in a container, under a cover, etc.




Motif

e11


Name_eng: 
The burned skin
Description: 

Magic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)




Motif

e32


Name_eng: 
People born from trees
Description: 

First people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed




Motif

h24f


Name_eng: 
Meat in a package
Description: 

Person can magically put a lot of meat or fish into a small package or vessel which is easy to carry




Motif

i37f


Name_eng: 
Fungi are ears
Description: 

Fungi or mushrooms are named “ears”




Motif

j25


Name_eng: 
Babies escape and return
Description: 

Heroes (usually one or two), being still babies or embryos, escape or are thrown away, often into the water. To bring them back into the human world, they are lured (persuaded) to come out or caught with difficulty




Motif

m5a


Name_eng: 
Passengers of the sinking canoe
Description: 

Small animals ride a canoe, it sinks, all try to save their lives in their own way




Motif

m5b


Name_eng: 
The ungrateful passenger
Description: 

An animal (often the rat) who cannot swim well is brought to the shore by another one but pays him with ingratitude




Motif

i31


Name_eng: 
Master and mistress of the dead
Description: 

In the Beyond, two mythological personages, one male and another female, meet the newcomers, or the same person meet the women in the female and the men in the male guise




Motif

k176


Name_eng: 
A man in search of the woman
Description: 

A (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife




Motif

b7b


Name_eng: 
Waters from broken pot
Description: 

Sea, river, waters of flood flow out of a small receptacle




Motif

h12c


Name_eng: 
Orpheus: to return the dead wife
Description: 

Husband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again




Motif

i48a


Name_eng: 
Falling down into the underworld
Description: 

At the terminal part of the narrative the antagonist of the hero descends into the underworld




Motif

m11


Name_eng: 
The unclean food
Description: 

Person feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food




Motif

e39


Name_eng: 
Pig ancestor
Description: 

A pig is an ancestor of a particular group of people




Motif

j58c


Name_eng: 
Bridge of arrows
Description: 

Transformation: chain of arrows to bridge




Motif

i22


Name_eng: 
Objects in permanent movement
Description: 

There are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)




Motif

i22g


Name_eng: 
Clapping rocks
Description: 

There are mountains or rocks which permanently collide and separate again from each other or a crack (jaws) in a vertical cliff which is opening and closing




Motif

i22f


Name_eng: 
Clashing trees
Description: 

Person must go beyond relatively small objects (trees, logs, blades) which are incessantly clashing and parting, rising and falling




Motif

k25a6


Name_eng: 
Magic wife does not forgive the unfaithfulness of the man
Description: 

A wife from the non-human world agrees to live with the mortal man but abandons him when he becomes unfaithful to her (when he visits his mortal wife)




Motif

k27t


Name_eng: 
Climbing contest
Description: 

A contest: to climb a pole or tree




Motif

k27n3b


Name_eng: 
Task-giver lives in the sky but is not the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks or tests to the hero or heroine lives in the sky but is not associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind




Motif

a14a


Name_eng: 
The conflict between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

The Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations




Motif

b36a


Name_eng: 
Two creatures decorate each other
Description: 

Two zoomorphic personages decorates each other or somebody decorates each of them





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition: Papua–NewGuinea Highland Papuans:Trans New Guinea & unclassified:Chimbu,Gimi,KaugelHuli,Gadsup,Kuman,Kutubu,Foi (Foe),Kyaka,Kamano (Kafe),Mawatta,Kukukuku (=Anga,=Sambia;Manki,Nauti,Ejuti),Baruya,Kewa,Tembregak,Menya,Melpa,Wiru,Pondoma
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Shuar, Achuar (Shiwiar)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lacandon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Navajo
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Northern Vanuatu: Banks Islands (incl Mota, Mota Lava, Gaua, Santa Maria), Torres Islands
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Yuma proper (Quechan), Mohave, Maricopa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Cahuilla, Cupeño
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Harákmbet (=Mashco)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sepik-Ramu stock: Abelam, Yatmul, Aibom, Ayom (incl Tembregak, Asai-river pygmies), Tangu, Porapora (Ambakich), Rao and other groups of Middle Ramu and Upper Keram River tribes; Kwanga, Watam, Kaian, Gamei, Awar; Kire (Lower Ramu)

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tuvalu (Ellice)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Viet, Muong
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), Nauru, Banaba (Ocean island)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Southern Cook Islands: Mangaia, Rarotonga, Atiu, Iatutakim Pukapuka, Tubuai (=Austral Islands, incl Rapa)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ontong Java, Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuria
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Haida
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Marshall Islands, incl Ailinglapalap, Arno, Jaluit, Kili, Lae, Maloelap, Majuro, Ratak, Wotho, Ujae, Jaluit (=Jalooj), Namdrik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Sechelt (incl Sisiatl), Squamish, Halcomelem
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ponape, Ngaik, Mwoakil (Mokil), Kusaie (Kosrae)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ulithi, Ngulu