Papua–NewGuinea Highland Papuans:Trans New Guinea & unclassified:Chimbu,Gimi,KaugelHuli,Gadsup,Kuman,Kutubu,Foi (Foe),Kyaka,Kamano (Kafe),Mawatta,Kukukuku (=Anga,=Sambia;Manki,Nauti,Ejuti),Baruya,Kewa,Tembregak,Menya,Melpa,Wiru,Pondoma



Tradition title rus: 
Трансновогвинейские и неклассифицированные группы папуа горных районов Папуа - Новой Гвинеи: оз. Кутубу, фои, куман, чимбу, хули, каугель, киака, гадсуп, гими, кева , дариби (дабиби), камано; энга (вкл. маэ), кукукуку (=анга; =самбиа) , баруя, тембрегак, менья, мелпа (мбовамб), виру, пондома
Areal ID: 
7.1.2.1
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
112.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
87.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

a4


Name_eng: 
Female sun
Description: 

The Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female




Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

a7


Name_eng: 
The sun pursues the moon
Description: 

The Sun and the Moon are two persons one of which is pursuing another in the sky or pursued him or her when they were rising to the sky from the earth




Motif

b2a


Name_eng: 
The female earth
Description: 

The earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman




Motif

b9


Name_eng: 
Water in the tree trunk
Description: 

There is enormous amount of water inside a trunk of a tree or a tree turns into water




Motif

b13a


Name_eng: 
Stream follows person
Description: 

A stream of water (with a monster in it) pursues person who tries to escape from it




Motif

b30b


Name_eng: 
Murdered person turns into game animals
Description: 

Different game animals emerge from remains of a murdered person




Motif

b41


Name_eng: 
The talking dog
Description: 

Because the dog was spreading some information, altercated with its masters, was talking in a wrong time, etc. it lost the ability to speak




Motif

b53


Name_eng: 
Creatures or objects from cut off genitals
Description: 

Supernaturally big genitals are cut off and turn into snakes or other creatures and objects




Motif

c8


Name_eng: 
The couple of close relations originates the mankind
Description: 

In the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents




Motif

d5


Name_eng: 
Woman as the owner of the fire
Description: 

Female person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire




Motif

d11


Name_eng: 
Food baked in armpits
Description: 

Before fire became known, people prepared food using warmth of their bodies (usually putting food in their armpits); or a person keeps fire in his or her armpits




Motif

d12


Name_eng: 
Food baked in the sun
Description: 

First people or inhabitants of a distant country cook food in the sun; or fire owner lies that he or she cooks food in the sun




Motif

e5a


Name_eng: 
Mankind ascends from the underworld
Description: 

The first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together




Motif

e5aa


Name_eng: 
People grew like a grass
Description: 

The first people grew or crawled out of the earth like a grass, mushrooms, worms, etc.




Motif

e5b


Name_eng: 
First couple from the underworld
Description: 

First man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)




Motif

e5c


Name_eng: 
People from the sky
Description: 

The first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.




Motif

e8a


Name_eng: 
People from the fruits
Description: 

Women or people in general come out of the fruits (orten the coconuts) or (more rare) leaves of the cocos palm spontaneously turn into women




Motif

e30


Name_eng: 
The make-believe spouse of wood
Description: 

Person does not have a spouse, uses wooden fakes for his wife or her husband




Motif

e30a


Name_eng: 
Make-believe spouse replaced with alive person
Description: 

Person does not have a spouse, uses wooden fakes for his wife or her husband till alive person comes to replace it




Motif

e32


Name_eng: 
People born from trees
Description: 

First people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed




Motif

f8


Name_eng: 
Women and men come together
Description: 

Initially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together




Motif

f16


Name_eng: 
Men and women: exchange of anatomical characteristics
Description: 

Initially men possessed women's biological traits and vice versa (beard, menses, breasts, bearing children)




Motif

f18a


Name_eng: 
The long penis
Description: 

Penis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)




Motif

f35


Name_eng: 
Feeding with the paramour’s meat
Description: 

Person feeds another with the meat of his or her sexual partner who cooks or eats it without knowing whose meat it is




Motif

f38


Name_eng: 
Women and sacred knowledge
Description: 

Women were possessors of the sacred knowledge, sanctuaries or ritual objects which are now taboo for them or they made attempts to acquire such a knowledge or objects




Motif

f40a


Name_eng: 
Husband of the first women
Description: 

An anthropomorphic male or an androgyne is the only possessor or leader of women




Motif

f40b


Name_eng: 
A man in a village of women
Description: 

A man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself




Motif

f43


Name_eng: 
The women disappear
Description: 

The women of the ancestral community kill or abandon the men




Motif

f45


Name_eng: 
The Amazons
Description: 

There are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages




Motif

f62


Name_eng: 
Incognito at the feast
Description: 

An (ostensibly) sick (ugly, weak, poorly clad) person remains at home when others go to the feast. The person comes by himself or herself looking like a handsome man or beautiful girl. The man (woman) does not recognize him (her) and feels against her (him) sexual interestю (All texts with motif k57, Chinderella, are also included into f62)




Motif

f80


Name_eng: 
Primeval people have no genitals
Description: 

The first men and/or women have no genitals




Motif

f86


Name_eng: 
Conditional signal
Description: 

Person summons with a certain signal a non-human being (usually his or her sexual partner or his or her protégé). Another person spies, uses the same signal or pronounces the same words and kills the being who comes to him (or uses this being sexually himself)




Motif

g6


Name_eng: 
Primeval tree
Description: 

One of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)




Motif

g18


Name_eng: 
Person wants to be sacrificed
Description: 

A person asks people to abandon him or her in the forest, to burn or drag him or her around the future garden plot, to burn her in her house, etc. People fulfill the person's wish and find cultivated plants growing on the place




Motif

g20


Name_eng: 
Woman turns into plants
Description: 

Food crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl




Motif

g23a


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into plants
Description: 

Person or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated




Motif

g23b


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into nations
Description: 

Different body parts of a being turn into people of different ethnic affiliation or such people receive their names and characteristics according to body parts that they got




Motif

h4


Name_eng: 
The shed skin
Description: 

Those who change their skin become young again




Motif

h5


Name_eng: 
People and snakes
Description: 

Reptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death




Motif

h12


Name_eng: 
The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s death
Description: 

The alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks




Motif

h12b


Name_eng: 
Ghosts feed on excrements
Description: 

Inhabitants of the land of the dead eat excrements




Motif

h36e


Name_eng: 
Death and the rat
Description: 

Rat is responsible for introduction of permanent death




Motif

i8f


Name_eng: 
One support of the world
Description: 

Only one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky




Motif

i8g


Name_eng: 
Atlas
Description: 

One giant supports the earth or the sky




Motif

i8h


Name_eng: 
A man and a woman hold the earth
Description: 

Two anthropomorphic beings, a male and a female, are in the underworld and support the earth




Motif

i14


Name_eng: 
No-anus people
Description: 

Person or creature has no anus opening




Motif

i15


Name_eng: 
No-mouth people
Description: 

Anthropomorphic beings have no mouths




Motif

i16


Name_eng: 
Body anomalies of the first people
Description: 

First human beings have no mouth, anus or genitals, their women do not know how to give birth




Motif

i27


Name_eng: 
Chthonic canine
Description: 

A dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead




Motif

i28


Name_eng: 
Animals in the underworld
Description: 

Game animals live inside a mountain, in a cave or in the underworld where they often look like humans and have a master




Motif

i30


Name_eng: 
Master of the dead welcomes women
Description: 

Master or mistress of the realm of the dead copulates with every new human soul of the opposite sex who arrives to his or her realm




Motif

i31


Name_eng: 
Master and mistress of the dead
Description: 

In the Beyond, two mythological personages, one male and another female, meet the newcomers, or the same person meet the women in the female and the men in the male guise




Motif

i41


Name_eng: 
Rainbow serpent
Description: 

Rainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail




Motif

i42


Name_eng: 
Rainbow is a pair of creatures
Description: 

Rainbow is two creatures or persons, usually a male and a female




Motif

i72


Name_eng: 
Stars are people
Description: 

Stars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)




Motif

i82b


Name_eng: 
Venus is female
Description: 

Morning and/or Evening Star is a female personage




Motif

i82c


Name_eng: 
Venus is the Moon’s wife
Description: 

Venus or some other bright star seen near the eastern or western horizon is female and wife of the Moon




Motif

j22a


Name_eng: 
Two men from one
Description: 

Two men or a man and a woman appear from two halves of the cut in two anthropomorphic body or embryo; or another man appears from part of the body of the first one or from his body discharge




Motif

i119


Name_eng: 
The dead shake the earth
Description: 

The earthquakes are produced by the dead who are in the underworld or during the earthquakes the inhabitants of the lower world try to come out; try to understand are there still living beings on earth




Motif

j44


Name_eng: 
The broken bridge
Description: 

Person or his helper draws his enemies on the unstable bridge and destroys it. The enemies fall into water, into a precipice




Motif

k2


Name_eng: 
The destroyed ladder
Description: 

Hero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)




Motif

k15a


Name_eng: 
Substituted weapon
Description: 

Hero substitutes powerful person's weapon or amulet with a fake




Motif

k26


Name_eng: 
A hole in the firmament
Description: 

Finding a hole in the ground or making it, person gets to see below another world. Usually the earth is seen from the sky




Motif

k28


Name_eng: 
Father or uncle is rival and enemy
Description: 

Maternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him




Motif

k29b


Name_eng: 
Posthole murder
Description: 

Hero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured




Motif

k31


Name_eng: 
Wooden seal
Description: 

Person makes a sea mammal or fish of wood, it carries another person or persons into the open sea or kills him or them




Motif

k32


Name_eng: 
The false wife
Description: 

An ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.




Motif

k32f


Name_eng: 
Bird-son rescues his adopted mother
Description: 

An evil spirit abandons a girl or a young woman in a tree or islet. She takes care for a nestling of bird of prey, he grows big, rescues her




Motif

k56b


Name_eng: 
The worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punished
Description: 

First one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished




Motif

l4


Name_eng: 
The unmasked murderer (The Blue Beard)
Description: 

Person kills girls (rare: his nephews or younger brothers of his wife) in succession (usually the male person kills his wives). The last of potential victims escapes, usually after finding remains of those who had been killed or imprisoned earlier




Motif

l5c


Name_eng: 
Rolling head is a dangerous monster
Description: 

Rolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)




Motif

l6


Name_eng: 
Demon clings to person
Description: 

A demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back




Motif

l15d


Name_eng: 
The external soul
Description: 

Life of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed




Motif

l19b


Name_eng: 
Beings with odd number of heads
Description: 

Being (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads




Motif

l20


Name_eng: 
Eater of the raw meat
Description: 

Two persons hunt or fish. One of them is or becomes a cannibal. He or she reveals his or her nature eating the quarry raw




Motif

l23


Name_eng: 
Proteus
Description: 

Person gets hold of another. Trying to free himself, the latter turns into different materials, elements, animals or (Urarina and Setebo) orders different dangerous creature to attack the person




Motif

l53


Name_eng: 
Stones into the maw
Description: 

A monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw




Motif

l105


Name_eng: 
Invisible missile
Description: 

Animal, fish or person wounded by hero runs or swims away, usually with the man's projectile in his or her body. Local doctors are not able to cure the wound (usually because they do not see the projectile). The hero or his companion comes to the place where the wounded one lives and cures him or her (usually extracting his projectile from the wound)




Motif

l106


Name_eng: 
Lost object claimed back
Description: 

An antagonist makes a demand to the hero which is correct in form but really is unjustified. The hero fulfills the claims or is punished. Now antagonist takes an object or animal possessed by the hero, is unable to give it back and is punished




Motif

l107


Name_eng: 
The ear-sleepers
Description: 

Anthropomorphic beings have huge ears (use them for blankets, umbrellas, etc.)




Motif

m60a


Name_eng: 
A hunter comes to one whom he wounded
Description: 

An animal or a supernatural creature is wounded but escapes. Local doctors are helpless. The hero or his companion, masked as a doctor, comes to the wounded one and either cures or kills him.




Motif

m81


Name_eng: 
Blind persons
Description: 

A man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons




Motif

h34a


Name_eng: 
Controversy over conditions of life
Description: 

Person has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life




Motif

i72a


Name_eng: 
Stars are children of the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

Stars are children of the Moon and/or the Sun




Motif

a32b


Name_eng: 
The Moon toad
Description: 

Frog or toad are seen in the moon or the Moon is associated with them




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

d4e1


Name_eng: 
The dog and the fire
Description: 

Dog obtains fire, daylight or the Sun or steals them




Motif

f30


Name_eng: 
Snake paramour
Description: 

A woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man




Motif

i5


Name_eng: 
Thunder is an animal
Description: 

Thunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)




Motif

i7c


Name_eng: 
Rain or dew is urine
Description: 

When a person or creature who lives in the upper world urinates, it rains (dew falls) on earth




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

i3


Name_eng: 
Weapon of Thunder
Description: 

The lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being




Motif

f30a


Name_eng: 
Worm-baby
Description: 

Woman is nursing a worm (caterpillar, reptile, fish) as her baby. People kill the monster




Motif

l19a


Name_eng: 
Beings with even number of heads
Description: 

Beings (any besides birds) with even but not more than ten number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. Beings that with even number of heads named in a row with other multi-headed beings and the highest number is even or bigger than ten are not considered




Motif

k19a


Name_eng: 
Star-wife
Description: 

A man maries a star-woman




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

k25a6


Name_eng: 
Magic wife does not forgive the unfaithfulness of the man
Description: 

A wife from the non-human world agrees to live with the mortal man but abandons him when he becomes unfaithful to her (when he visits his mortal wife)




Motif

h37


Name_eng: 
Magic device lost by a failure
Description: 

Magic object, device that makes hunting or fishing easy gets into possession of a person who is unable to operate it or abuses it. The device kills or injures the failure himself, other people and/or disappears




Motif

f55


Name_eng: 
What do you want?
Description: 

A woman cannot understand what does her partner want. She points at, names or suggests different things. At last she points at, names or exposes her genitals. This is the right answer




Motif

i7


Name_eng: 
The cloud serpent
Description: 

A flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm




Motif

j64


Name_eng: 
Person moves on clouds of smoke
Description: 

Not being burned in a fire, person ascends to the sky or gets across a river on clouds of smoke




Motif

g13b


Name_eng: 
Fungi as a false food
Description: 

Before acquisition of cultivated plants people ate fungi. Fingi is a food of non-human beings. Fungi is a false food of inferior quality




Motif

h12c


Name_eng: 
Orpheus: to return the dead wife
Description: 

Husband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again




Motif

i45b


Name_eng: 
Not to point at the rainbow
Description: 

It to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked




Motif

a8b


Name_eng: 
The Sun in the land of the dead
Description: 

When the Sun descends below the horizon, it shines to the anthropomorphic denizens of the netherworld (the dead, dwarfs, etc.)




Motif

k25e


Name_eng: 
Magic wife is an ancestor
Description: 

All humans, members of a particular ethnic or social group or a ruling dynasty are believed to descend from a mortal man and a woman of supernatural origin




Motif

l23d


Name_eng: 
Metamorphosis of the caught female person
Description: 

Being seized by a person, a female person turns into different materials, elements or animals (Urarina and Setebo: sends different dangerous creature to attack the one who caught her)




Motif

l23e


Name_eng: 
Metamorphosis of the caught male person
Description: 

Being seized by a person, a male person turns into different materials, elements or animals




Motif

f34b


Name_eng: 
The paramour is not a human being
Description: 

A girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior




Motif

c8aa


Name_eng: 
Brother and sister beget the people
Description: 

In the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition: Central Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo, Araki, Aore, Maewo, Malekula, Vao, Efate (Vate), Shepherd Islands, Nguna, Mae, Ambrim, Pentecost, Oba (=Aoba, East Ambae, Lepers'), Omba
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Melanesians of Admiralty Islands (incl Manus); Seimat (Western Islands)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Polar Inuit
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Northern Vanuatu: Banks Islands (incl Mota, Mota Lava, Gaua, Santa Maria), Torres Islands
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bolivian Guarani: Chiriguano (including assimilated Chane Arawaks), Pauserna (=Guarasu), Guarayu, Tapiete
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tsimshian
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Ontong Java, Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuria
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Baffin Land Inuit
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Melanesians and Papuans of Bismark Archipelago: New Britain (Tolai, Lakalai, Kuni, Sulka, Baining, Gazelle peninsula), New Ireland (Patpatar =Pala), St Matthias Group, Mioko (Melanesians between New Britain and New Ireland)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Yabuti, Amniapä, Kumana, Wari (Aikana), Moré (Itene)

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Papua–New Guinea Southern Lowland Papuan groups (Trans New Guinea and unclassified): Gimi, Kiwai, Bina, Mawabula, Mawatta, Keraki, Gambadi (incl. Kwavaru), Purari River delta, Masingara, Wiram (=Suki), Ngain, Daga, Elema
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tsimshian
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Upper Chinook: Wasco, Wishram, Clackamas, Kathlamet
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Aguaruna, Huambiza
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tagish
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Siona, Secoya, Coreguaje
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lkungen (Straits; including Samish, Songish, Sooke, Lummi), Klallam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Nivakle (=Chulupi, Ashluslay, Ajlujlay)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Haida
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tlingit