Papua–NewGuinea Highland Papuans:Trans New Guinea & unclassified:Chimbu,Gimi,KaugelHuli,Gadsup,Kuman,Kutubu,Foi (Foe),Kyaka,Kamano (Kafe),Mawatta,Kukukuku (=Anga,=Sambia;Manki,Nauti,Ejuti),Baruya,Kewa,Tembregak,Menya,Melpa,Wiru,Pondoma



Tradition title rus: 
Трансновогвинейские и неклассифицированные группы папуа горных районов Папуа - Новой Гвинеи: оз. Кутубу, фои, куман, чимбу, хули, каугель, киака, гадсуп, гими, кева , дариби (дабиби), камано; энга (вкл. маэ), кукукуку (=анга; =самбиа) , баруя, тембрегак, менья, мелпа (мбовамб), виру, пондома
Areal ID: 
7.1.2.1
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
113.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
87.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32bThe Moon toadFrog or toad are seen in the moon or the Moon is associated with them
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
a7The sun pursues the moonThe Sun and the Moon are two persons one of which is pursuing another in the sky or pursued him or her when they were rising to the sky from the earth
a8bThe Sun in the land of the deadWhen the Sun descends below the horizon, it shines to the anthropomorphic denizens of the netherworld (the dead, dwarfs, etc.)
b13aStream follows personA stream of water (with a monster in it) pursues person who tries to escape from it
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b30bMurdered person turns into game animalsDifferent game animals emerge from remains of a murdered person
b41The talking dogBecause the dog was spreading some information, altercated with its masters, was talking in a wrong time, etc. it lost the ability to speak
b53Creatures or objects from cut off genitalsSupernaturally big genitals are cut off and turn into snakes or other creatures and objects
b9Water in the tree trunkThere is enormous amount of water inside a trunk of a tree or a tree turns into water
c8The couple of close relations originates the mankindIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
c8aaBrother and sister beget the peopleIn the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents
d11Food baked in armpitsBefore fire became known, people prepared food using warmth of their bodies (usually putting food in their armpits); or a person keeps fire in his or her armpits
d12Food baked in the sunFirst people or inhabitants of a distant country cook food in the sun; or fire owner lies that he or she cooks food in the sun
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d4e1The dog and the fireDog obtains fire, daylight or the Sun or steals them
d5Woman as the owner of the fireFemale person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire
e30The make-believe spouse of woodPerson does not have a spouse, uses wooden fakes for his wife or her husband
e30aMake-believe spouse replaced with alive personPerson does not have a spouse, uses wooden fakes for his wife or her husband till alive person comes to replace it
e32People born from treesFirst people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5aaPeople grew like a grassThe first people grew or crawled out of the earth like a grass, mushrooms, worms, etc.
e5bFirst couple from the underworldFirst man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e8aPeople from the fruitsWomen or people in general come out of the fruits (orten the coconuts) or (more rare) leaves of the cocos palm spontaneously turn into women
f16Men and women: exchange of anatomical characteristicsInitially men possessed women's biological traits and vice versa (beard, menses, breasts, bearing children)
f18aThe long penisPenis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f30aWorm-babyWoman is nursing a worm (caterpillar, reptile, fish) as her baby. People kill the monster
f34bThe paramour is not a human beingA girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior
f35Feeding with the paramour’s meatPerson feeds another with the meat of his or her sexual partner who cooks or eats it without knowing whose meat it is
f38Women and sacred knowledgeWomen were possessors of the sacred knowledge, sanctuaries or ritual objects which are now taboo for them or they made attempts to acquire such a knowledge or objects
f40aHusband of the first womenAn anthropomorphic male or an androgyne is the only possessor or leader of women
f40bA man in a village of womenA man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself
f43The women disappearThe women of the ancestral community kill or abandon the men
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f55What do you want?A woman cannot understand what does her partner want. She points at, names or suggests different things. At last she points at, names or exposes her genitals. This is the right answer
f62Incognito at the feastAn (ostensibly) sick (ugly, weak, poorly clad) person remains at home when others go to the feast. The person comes by himself or herself looking like a handsome man or beautiful girl. The man (woman) does not recognize him (her) and feels against her (him) sexual interestю (All texts with motif k57, Chinderella, are also included into f62)
f8Women and men come togetherInitially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together
f80Primeval people have no genitalsThe first men and/or women have no genitals
f86Conditional signalPerson summons with a certain signal a non-human being (usually his or her sexual partner or his or her protégé). Another person spies, uses the same signal or pronounces the same words and kills the being who comes to him (or uses this being sexually himself)
g13bFungi as a false foodBefore acquisition of cultivated plants people ate fungi. Fingi is a food of non-human beings. Fungi is a false food of inferior quality
g18Person wants to be sacrificedA person asks people to abandon him or her in the forest, to burn or drag him or her around the future garden plot, to burn her in her house, etc. People fulfill the person's wish and find cultivated plants growing on the place
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
g23aAlive being turns into plantsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated
g23bAlive being turns into nationsDifferent body parts of a being turn into people of different ethnic affiliation or such people receive their names and characteristics according to body parts that they got
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h12bGhosts feed on excrementsInhabitants of the land of the dead eat excrements
h12cOrpheus: to return the dead wifeHusband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again
h34aControversy over conditions of lifePerson has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life
h36eDeath and the ratRat is responsible for introduction of permanent death
h37Magic device lost by a failure Magic object, device that makes hunting or fishing easy gets into possession of a person who is unable to operate it or abuses it. The device kills or injures the failure himself, other people and/or disappears
h4The shed skinThose who change their skin become young again
h5People and snakesReptiles or invertebrates possess the medicine of immortality; are contrasted with men as immortal with mortals and/or are responsible for originating of death; or a snake's bite inflicts the first death
i119The dead shake the earthThe earthquakes are produced by the dead who are in the underworld or during the earthquakes the inhabitants of the lower world try to come out; try to understand are there still living beings on earth
i14No-anus peoplePerson or creature has no anus opening
i15No-mouth peopleAnthropomorphic beings have no mouths
i16Body anomalies of the first peopleFirst human beings have no mouth, anus or genitals, their women do not know how to give birth
i27Chthonic canineA dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead
i28Animals in the underworldGame animals live inside a mountain, in a cave or in the underworld where they often look like humans and have a master
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i30Master of the dead welcomes womenMaster or mistress of the realm of the dead copulates with every new human soul of the opposite sex who arrives to his or her realm
i31Master and mistress of the deadIn the Beyond, two mythological personages, one male and another female, meet the newcomers, or the same person meet the women in the female and the men in the male guise
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i42Rainbow is a pair of creaturesRainbow is two creatures or persons, usually a male and a female
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i5Thunder is an animalThunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)
i7The cloud serpentA flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i72aStars are children of the Sun and the MoonStars are children of the Moon and/or the Sun
i7cRain or dew is urineWhen a person or creature who lives in the upper world urinates, it rains (dew falls) on earth
i82bVenus is femaleMorning and/or Evening Star is a female personage
i82cVenus is the Moon’s wifeVenus or some other bright star seen near the eastern or western horizon is female and wife of the Moon
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
i8gAtlasOne giant supports the earth or the sky
i8hA man and a woman hold the earthTwo anthropomorphic beings, a male and a female, are in the underworld and support the earth
j22aTwo men from oneTwo men or a man and a woman appear from two halves of the cut in two anthropomorphic body or embryo; or another man appears from part of the body of the first one or from his body discharge
j44The broken bridgePerson or his helper draws his enemies on the unstable bridge and destroys it. The enemies fall into water, into a precipice
j64Person moves on clouds of smokeNot being burned in a fire, person ascends to the sky or gets across a river on clouds of smoke
k15aSubstituted weaponHero substitutes powerful person's weapon or amulet with a fake
k19aStar-wifeA man maries a star-woman
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25a6Magic wife does not forgive the unfaithfulness of the manA wife from the non-human world agrees to live with the mortal man but abandons him when he becomes unfaithful to her (when he visits his mortal wife)
k25eMagic wife is an ancestorAll humans, members of a particular ethnic or social group or a ruling dynasty are believed to descend from a mortal man and a woman of supernatural origin
k26A hole in the firmamentFinding a hole in the ground or making it, person gets to see below another world. Usually the earth is seen from the sky
k28Father or uncle is rival and enemyMaternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him
k29bPosthole murderHero is asked to climb into a hole or pit. When he does it, they fill it with soil or throw down a post, a stone, etc. The hero demonstrates his magic capacities coming back uninjured
k31Wooden sealPerson makes a sea mammal or fish of wood, it carries another person or persons into the open sea or kills him or them
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k32fBird-son rescues his adopted motherAn evil spirit abandons a girl or a young woman in a tree or islet. She takes care for a nestling of bird of prey, he grows big, rescues her
k56bThe worthy man is rewarded, the unworthy punishedFirst one, then another man meets a powerful person or persons. The first man is worthy and rewarded with treasure, prestige or the like. The second man (or two men) follows him, behaves in a wrong way and is punished
l105Invisible missileAnimal, fish or person wounded by hero runs or swims away, usually with the man's projectile in his or her body. Local doctors are not able to cure the wound (usually because they do not see the projectile). The hero or his companion comes to the place where the wounded one lives and cures him or her (usually extracting his projectile from the wound)
l106Lost object claimed backAn antagonist makes a demand to the hero which is correct in form but really is unjustified. The hero fulfills the claims or is punished. Now antagonist takes an object or animal possessed by the hero, is unable to give it back and is punished
l107The ear-sleepersAnthropomorphic beings have huge ears (use them for blankets, umbrellas, etc.)
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l19aBeings with even number of headsBeings (any besides birds) with even but not more than ten number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. Beings that with even number of heads named in a row with other multi-headed beings and the highest number is even or bigger than ten are not considered
l19bBeings with odd number of headsBeing (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads
l20Eater of the raw meatTwo persons hunt or fish. One of them is or becomes a cannibal. He or she reveals his or her nature eating the quarry raw
l23ProteusPerson gets hold of another. Trying to free himself, the latter turns into different materials, elements, animals or (Urarina and Setebo) orders different dangerous creature to attack the person
l23dMetamorphosis of the caught female personBeing seized by a person, a female person turns into different materials, elements or animals (Urarina and Setebo: sends different dangerous creature to attack the one who caught her)
l23eMetamorphosis of the caught male personBeing seized by a person, a male person turns into different materials, elements or animals
l4The unmasked murderer (Blue Beard)Person kills girls (rare: his nephews or younger brothers of his wife) in succession (usually the male person kills his wives). The last of potential victims escapes, usually after finding remains of those who had been killed or imprisoned earlier
l42Hero carried to ogre’s homeAn ogre or ogress catches a person and brings him to his or her home where he or she plans to cook and eat him. The hero escapes
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l5cRolling head is a dangerous monsterRolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)
l6Demon clings to personA demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back
m60aA hunter comes to one whom he woundedAn animal or a supernatural creature is wounded but escapes. Local doctors are helpless. The hero or his companion, masked as a doctor, comes to the wounded one and either cures or kills him.
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons


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Melanesians of Admiralty Islands (incl Manus); Seimat (Western Islands)
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Polar Inuit
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Baffin Land Inuit
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Papua–New Guinea Southern Lowland Papuan groups (Trans New Guinea and unclassified): Gimi, Kiwai, Bina, Mawabula, Mawatta, Keraki, Gambadi (incl. Kwavaru), Purari River delta, Masingara, Wiram (=Suki), Ngain, Daga, Elema
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Tagish
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Aguaruna, Huambiza
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