Tikopia, Bellona, Rennell, partly Aneytium, Futuna (=Erronan, not to be mixed with Futuna in Western Polynesia), Vaeaka-Taumato, incl Matema, Nifeloli, Nukapu, Nupani, Pileni



Tradition title rus: 
Тикопия, Беллона, Реннелл, частично Анейтьюм, Футуна (Эрронан; не путать с Футуной в Западной Полинезией), ваэакау-таумако (рядом с Санта-Крус), вкл Пилени, Матема, Нифелоли, Нукапу, Нупани
Areal ID: 
7.2.1.9
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
59.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
37.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b1dGood and bad workersTwo persons are creating the world, one is a good and and another a bad worker, that’s because separate parts of the world look differently
b36Creatures acquire their physical traitsBirds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics
b37Creatures are made appear as they are nowPerson decorates different birds (rare: fish), share fat between anomals. Since then, the corresponding species acquire present characteristics
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b4The fished out earthIslands or continent are fished out of the ocean or pulled to their present place by rope
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77aGiant pushed the sky upOne or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d4lFire from the skyFirst fire is sent to earth from the sky or the ancestors ascend to the sky and bring from there fire or warmth
e24Origin of elbows and kneesHuman arms and legs become pliant (get joints) when a primeval ancestor(s) fall from height and break his arms and legs
f20A strong embraceMan and woman embrace each other forever or for a long time
f30Snake paramourA woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man
f40bA man in a village of womenA man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself
f43cBat-husbandsMarriage partners of the primeval women, the amazons or a solitary woman are small animals (usually flying foxes)
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f45aConception from windA woman or a female animal is impregnated deliberately exposing her genitals to the wind
f49The abnormal birthCesarean operation upon a woman at childbirth as a custom
f6Gouged our vaginaWoman has no vagina and it is later made by bird or animal
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
g8Restored treeA deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working
g8aCutting tree to make a canoeTo make some object (usually a canoe), person cuts a tree, goes away, returns, finds the tree intact. Usually another person who was restoring the tree by magic fells it down himself and makes a canoe for the hero
h12The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s deathThe alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks
h12aDead woman pursues her husbandWife dies, husband comes after her or he kills his untrue wife. The dead wife turns into monster and pursues him
h13Dead person is returned and revivesPerson comes to the land of the dead and brings back somebody who has recently died or brings his remains. The dead one becomes alive and lives normal life (for some time)
i130The sky netOne of costellations is a hunting or fishing net, trap, snare
i133aThe big bird constellationThere is a constellation identified with a bird that corresponds to several big constellations in European traditions (mostly Ecuatorial and not Circum-Popar).
i16Body anomalies of the first peopleFirst human beings have no mouth, anus or genitals, their women do not know how to give birth
i37fFungi are earsFungi or mushrooms are named “ears”
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i8fOne support of the worldOnly one pole or mountain supports the earth or the sky
j23A late son kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy or twins. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j23dYoung twins kill monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has baby twins (or more children) who grow up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k1cOne who comes to look at adversary’s bones dies himselfA man is marooned on an islet, a rock but survives thanks to helpful birds and animals. The next time the hero and the antagonist exchange roles. Usually the antagonist comes to the islet to see the bones of the abandoned man but the man takes the canoe of the antagonist and paddles away. The antagonist dies
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k28Father or uncle is rival and enemyMaternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k33Drowned woman remains aliveA young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people
k4The bird nesterPerson climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground
k65bHumans and spiritsSpirits or unpleasant animals (reptiles, worms, etc.) are (often: concealed from the eyes of God or deformed) children or miscarriages of the same human couple or the same primeval ancestor who produced first human beings
k76bSnake son and snake husband An (adoptive) son is a snake who turns into handsome man. The snake is the magic spouse of princess, lost and returned
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
l13The reared up monsterA small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous
l14Reared up serpentA small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l52Hero escapes from top of a treeHero hides in a tree from an ogre. Before the ogre gets to fell the tree, the hero flies away or a bird helps him to escape
l53Stones into the mawA monstrous being is killed or neutralized by (burning hot) stones (pieces of metal, heavy fruits, etc.) thrown into its maw or anus or the being retreats when they menace to throw a stone into its maw
l65b3The escape on the treePersons climbs a tree and thanks to this escapes from a demon (who usually tries to fell the tree)
l85One-sided peopleOne-sided people have one leg and/or also one arm, one half of a head, etc. The second leg is not cut or burned off, preserved as a stump but is absent completely
m21A protector hides fugitivesThe protagonist pursued by an enemy comes across a person, an animal or an object to help him and receives help
m5aPassengers of the sinking canoeSmall animals ride a canoe, it sinks, all try to save their lives in their own way


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Ainu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Early Chinese written sources
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Truk, Eastern Fayu, Losap, Pulap, Puluwat, Mortlock (incl. Satawan)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Trio
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Locono
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Wayapi, Emerillon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Maori, Moriori (Chatam Islands)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Samoa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Denaina
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Northern Taiwan: Atayal (Tayal; Taruko (Toda, Taokas, Torok, Taroko), Pazeh, Sedeq (Sediq, Seedeq, Sazek), Saisiyat (Saixia); Kawalan

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tuvalu (Ellice)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Haida
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Melanesians of the northern coast New Guinea, nearest off-shore islands and Huon Gulf (Morobe district): Watut, Bilbil (Bilibili), Jabim (incl Kai), Tami, Bukawac, Wogeo, Tumleo, Yakamul, Manam, Sissano, Sio
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
North Alaskan Inupiat
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Samoa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Southern Cook Islands: Mangaia, Rarotonga, Atiu, Iatutakim Pukapuka, Tubuai (=Austral Islands, incl Rapa)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tokelau
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Melanesians and Papuans of Bismark Archipelago: New Britain (Tolai, Lakalai, Kuni, Sulka, Baining, Gazelle peninsula), New Ireland (Patpatar =Pala), St Matthias Group, Mioko (Melanesians between New Britain and New Ireland)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kuki, Chiru, Falam (Hallam), Chin (Meitei =Manipuri, Khami, =Kumi), Lakher, Mizo (Lushei), Anal, Pawi (Lai), Purum, Koireng, Milhiem, Kolhen, Mru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tsimshian