Nootka (Nu-chah-nulth), Makah



Tradition title rus: 
Нутка, маках
Areal ID: 
12.2.2.4
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
114.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
50.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a13a1Raven obtains the SunRaven (crow) gets the hidden or stolen Sun (daylight)
a21Luminaries are objects fixed in the skyThe sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky
a5The Sun and the Moon are malesThe Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual
b18Light in containerDay light (also warmth, the sun, the moon) is kept as a particular object in a container, under a cover, etc.
b28Travelling transformerThe transformer walks along coming across different persons and creatures, transforming them into birds, animals, stones, shrines, etc. (or transforming monstrous animals into present day ones) and introducing cultural norms, landscape features, etc.
b28dUnrecognized TransformerPersons do not understand with whom they are talking and tell the Transformer that they are making weapons to kill such and such a person or thinking about how to hide from him. The Transformer kills them of transforms them into animals
b28d1Man transformed into deer, his knives into antlersUnrecognized Transformer meets a man who tells him that he prepares knives (a spear) to kill Transformer. The latter transforms him into deer, his knives or spear into deer antlers
b28eThe Moon organizes the worldThe Moon (alone or together with the Sun) transforms the original abnormal world establishing present day norms and forms
b36Creatures acquire their physical traitsBirds, fish, reptiles, mammals intentionally or by chance are smeared with colorful substances or divide among themselves parts of somebody's body thus acquiring their present characteristics
b72The thirsty cuckooBecause children do not give water to their mother, she turns into a bird, usually a cuckoo, and flies away
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b7aThe spit out waterSomebody is the only possessor of water or certain beverage. Another person drinks it, escapes and spits out making it available for the people
b85Wind pacifiedWind is too strong, hero makes it to blow more calmly
b85aWind regulatedWind stops to blow (after blowing too much). Person comes to him and creates the desirable balance. Since then, wind blows but usually not too much
b97Grateful person makes the bird pretty Grateful person decorates (rare: punishes) a bird who lives near water (kingfisher, loon, goose), thence its appearance (crest, beak, feathers)
c19Acquisition of the sunThe Sun (the day light) that was absent, stolen or hidden appears (again)
c6Valuables brought from the lower worldPersons or animals dive or otherwise decend to the lower world to get a desired object and to bring it to earth (besides episodes in the fairytales, cf. motif k27x9)
d4aTheft of fireFire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before
d4kDeer obtains fireDear steals fire for people
d4mFire owners dancePerson comes to the owners of fire or light. They feast and dance. He joins them and in a proper moment carries away the valuables
d9Fire and vultureRaven or other big dark-feathered bird scavenger is the owner, personification, spouse, obtainer or stealer of fire, daylight, or the Sun
e10Pets turn into childrenA lonely woman or married couple surprises childred who live nearby in guise of animals (plants, objects). After this the children preserve their human guise
e11The burned skinMagic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)
e13aSacred knowledge from under the waterSacred knowledge, objects and rituals are initially obtained from the denizens of the underwater world
e16Paddles edgewiseRiding in canoe, people first turn paddles edgewise, then learn the correct way to use them
e1dCanoes of clayFirst canoes were made of unfit materials
e8People of woodThe first people or (the first) woman (wife of a primeval ancestor) are made of wood
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
f17Misplaced genitaliaOriginally, humans had (had to have; can have under some special confition) their genitals not on the place where they are now; the genitals were absent, or people did not know know their function and used for copulation other parts of the body
f45The AmazonsThere are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages
f64The lecherous parentPerson changes his or (rare) her guise to marry his or her close relative in descending or (rare) ascending line
f65The false burialTo realize his or her secret desire (illicit sex, refusal to share food with relations), person pretends to die and is abandoned at a burial place
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
h28Plagues from the body of a person or creatureKilled and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures
h28aMosquitoes from sparks and smokeA burned person or creature immediately turns into a multitude of mosquitoes or biting flies
h54bThe glance of deathPerson’s glance brings death (and destruction)
i1The thunderbirdsCreatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird
i2Lightning from eyesLightning emerges from eyes or mouth of the being who is thought to produce thunderstorms
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i23Snapping doorThe door of a house is opening and closing by itself crashing persons who attempt to come in or out
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i49The running earthquakeEarthquake is a person. Whenever he or she runs or walks, the earth trembles
i52Fish the earth-holderWorld is supported by fish or fish-like monster or the earth itself is such a monster
i72Stars are peopleStars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)
i7aThe lightning- serpentThe lightning is associated with a snake
j13Two sistersTwo sisters (if more, only two play a significant role in the plot) travel and meet an unpleasant suitor or get to an ogre
j23A late son kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy or twins. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j23aA mucus-boyA woman is crying, mucus from her nose (or her tear) turns into a boy who grows up, overcome powerful adversaries
j23cYoungest brother kills monstersPeople (elder brothers, elder siblings, elder sister) disappear (one by one). A lonely woman has a baby or finds a baby or she becomes pregnant magically and gives birth to a boy. The boy grows up, exterminates the antagonists, usually revives and releases those who had disappeared
j38Talons got stuckA mighty bird thrust its talons into a big fish, whale, water monster, etc. Talons get stuck, the bird is either pulled down under the water or makes itself free with great difficulty
j55Unrecognized hero comes across enemiesHero comes across different creatures or persons who do not recognize him. Everyone tells that he is waiting for the Hero to kill him. The hero easily kills or transforms them himself
j57Son of the SunA virgin girl is impregnated by the Sun and gives birth to a son or twin boys. When her son (or the twins) grows up, he (they) comes to his father
j58The arrow ladderPersons shoot arrows (darts) which hit each other’s end forming a chain (rope, ladder). Persons climb by this chain to the sky or (rare) across an obstacle
j59Following arrow to get to the skyTo climb to the sky, person must first to shoot an arrow that reaches the sky and sticks to it
k12Woman is lost and returnedBy trick or by force, a rival or adversary kidnaps hero's wife or bride. The man gets her back
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k18Infant picks out his unknown fatherA boy is born whose father or (rare) mother is unknown. He himself points at his parent who as a rule occupies the lowest social position. Usually many men (women) come together and everyone hopes that the boy points at him (her)
k18aaPregnancy because of the non-sexual contactA girl becomes pregnant without her knowledge thanks to the contact with body liquids of a male person or with objects touched by him (not because of the normal sexual contact, or a wish expressed by the father of her future child, or her mistical contact with a deity). The happy marriage of the girl with her child’s father follows
k1eMarooned on an isletPerson is marooned on an islet or on another side of a sea or wide river
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27cOrdeal: knives and thornsAn ordeal: to remain alive after contact with sharp points or blades
k27dOrdeal: chamber with dangerous beingsAn ordeal: to remain alive in a closed room full of beasts of prey, poisonous or other dangerous creatures
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27n3aTask-giver is the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind (Cloud, Rain)
k27n3bTask-giver lives in the sky but is not the Sun, Moon, Thunder or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks or tests to the hero or heroine lives in the sky but is not associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder or Wind
k29aSurviving in a fireHero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation
k30Flying enemy abducts womanFlying person or creature abducts a woman but is ultimately killed or the woman escapes from him
k41Thunder against a serpent Thunder or giant bird fights against a reptile, big water animal or other big and strong creature who lives in water or under the earth
k43aCompassionate person saves firePeople abandon a boy, a girl, brother and sister, a group of children, or a young family without fire and food. A compassionate person conceals hot coals for the outlaws in the abandoned camp
k43bBird brings some meatPeople abandon a boy, a girl, brother and sister, a group of children, or a young family without fire and food. The outlaws demonstrate supernatural powers or protectors providing food and lodging. While the abandoned persons have plenty of food other people starve. A person (often a bird like crow, magpie, sea-gull, etc.) visits the abandoned ones and brings from them some food home. This way people get to know that the abandoned ones prosper
k47aA woman and a dogAfter having sexual contact with a dog, a woman gives birth to his children. The puppies turn into humans and usually become ancestors of particular groups of people
k50False wife beheads enemyA man disguised as a woman comes to his enemy and kills him at night (usually cuts off and carries away his head)
k52Rescue from the sea bottomWhen a woman or a lad comes to the sea bank, she or he is carried away by sea predators (killer-whales, sharks, swordfish). Man descends to the bottom and rescues the woman or lad using his shaman's power
k77aSmall objects and animals defeat the ogreSmall objects and animals (rare: animals alone but including those who really are harmless) revenge on a powerful enemy making attack on him in succession (usually they hide in his or her house); the enemy is badly injured, runs away or dies
k77cOnes who hide in a house frighten dangerous enemyObjects and/or domestic animals live in a house. When dangerous enemy comes, they attack him, he dies or escapes (all texts with K77A and K77B included)
k86Weeping child stolenBecause a small child is ignored or punished by its parents (usually it cries late in the evening), bush spirit or animal carries it away
k8aJonah: swallowed by monsterPerson gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)
l103Obstacle flight (Atalanta type)Treasure, or the like, is thrown back to tempt pursuer to delay
l105Invisible missileAnimal, fish or person wounded by hero runs or swims away, usually with the man's projectile in his or her body. Local doctors are not able to cure the wound (usually because they do not see the projectile). The hero or his companion comes to the place where the wounded one lives and cures him or her (usually extracting his projectile from the wound)
l118Caught in a split log(Animal) person provokes another to put a part of his body into a split log (between two planks, etc.) and removes the wedge
l15dThe external soulLife of a person or creature is preserved outside of his (her, its) body. Person or creature dies after the corresponding object is destroyed
l17aEyes on the back of the headPerson or creature has another pair of eyes (or one eye) on the back of his head or (rare) on his back
l39Hero is compelled to descend from a treeWhen a person climbs a tree, a demon comes to it and carries the person away, or the person follows the demon to his world by his own will
l40Reflection and shadowPerson discovers (rare:still fails to discover) another getting to see his or her shadow or reflection in water
l40aWoman takes reflection of a youth for her ownAn ugly woman gets to see in water a reflection of a youth who is up in a tree. She takes it for her own reflection and thinks that she has become beautiful
l41Hero escapes on the wayAn ogre or ogress catches a person and carries his or her prey home but the person escapes on the way or immediately after reaching the ogre's house
l42Hero carried to ogre’s homeAn ogre or ogress catches a person and brings him to his or her home where he or she plans to cook and eat him. The hero escapes
l65Demonic babyA baby or small child proves to be a demon, devours or injures people
l72The obstacle flightRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer
l72aComb becomes a thicketRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws a comb (a brush) that turns into mighty obstacle (usually a thicket) on the way of the pursuer. (In South America the motif is probably of European origin)
l72kObstacle flight: the thrown bottle with oilRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws a small vessel with oil. The oil turns into the lake or river. (Only North American variants are considered. In the Old World the motif is rare and is not restricted to particular region. In North America the oil to anoint the haur is probably meant in all cases).
m11The unclean foodPerson feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food
m115The eaten up wolfUsing a trick, (animal)-person kills a dangerous animal. Kinsmen and friends of the killed animal get to know about it and come to avenge its death. The person has narrow escape
m11cPerson gets lard from his bodyA male person cuts or roasts his own body to extract meat, lard or blood, cooks it and serves to his guest without injuring himself. Such a food is not considered to be unclean
m15Tied to a treeA girl or young woman is tied to the top of a tree or impaled on the sharpened top of a tree and abandoned by a man. Somebody (usually her brothers) attempt to save her
m19The bait-personPerson ties another one (usually a child) to a fishing line to use him as a bait or orders the tied one to catch fish with his hands
m29aTrickster-ravenIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is raven
m34Thrown object turns into tailAn object thrown into person becomes his tail and the person himself an animal
m38Stupid imitation (all versions)Person sees how others act using magic or according to their animal nature. He or she imitates their actions and gets into trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and refer to everyday activity, mostly to providing and cooking food
m38aThe bungling hostBeing on a visit to other people or (more often) animals, an (animal)-person sees them act using magic or according to their animal nature. Back at home, he imitates their actions and gets in trouble. Actions are not heroic deeds, competitions or tests and mostly refer to providing and cooking food
m46The false babyPlanning to get or to return valuables, person turns into baby or in a small objects that has power to impregnate a woman. The picked up or the born baby steals the valuables and acquires his real guise (including cases according to which the girl herself is the desired valuable)
m46bA stratagem: baby born by womanPerson turns into tiny object or creature. Touching or swallowing it, the woman conceives and gives birth to a baby-boy. The boy steals valuables or make love to the woman
m46cSwallowed conifer-needlePerson turns into conifer-needle, a tiny particle, a small insect. Swallowing it by chance, the woman becomes pregnant and gives birth to a boy
m53dWould believe enemiesPerson creates figures that look like enemies or pretends that enemies come. People run away, person gets all valuables for himself
m60aA hunter comes to one whom he woundedAn animal or a supernatural creature is wounded but escapes. Local doctors are helpless. The hero or his companion, masked as a doctor, comes to the wounded one and either cures or kills him.
m62aQuarrel provoked by action [not in correlation table]Hero imperceptibly causes detriment to two persons or creatures. They accuse each other and fight
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons
m81aBlind duck-women curedA man meets two blind women, makes them see, they are or become birds (geese, ducks, grouses or the like)
m81cBlinds met in the skyGetting to the sky or (rare) to the lower world a man comes across one or two blind persons, then returns to the earth. Usually he cures their eyes
m84Revived from bonesPerson, animal, fish or (rare) a fruit is eaten up and then revived, usually after all bones (all seeds) being put together
m84bBones thrown into the waterButchered and eaten animal, bird or fish revives after its bones are thrown into the water


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, (Lower) Cowlitz
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Lushootseed (Puget Sound: Puyallup, Nisqualmi, Snuqualmi, Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Snohomish, Skagit)
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Tsimshian
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Tlingit
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Comox, Pentlatch
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Heiltsuk (Bellabella), Oowekeeno
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Quileute, Chemakum (Hoh)
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Warao

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Bella Coola (Nuxalk)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Heiltsuk (Bellabella), Oowekeeno
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Quileute, Chemakum (Hoh)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Haida
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tlingit
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Sechelt (incl Sisiatl), Squamish, Halcomelem
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, (Lower) Cowlitz
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Twana (Skokomish)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Comox, Pentlatch