Bidayuh (incl. Maloh), Iban (Sea Dayak), Sakarram; Brunei



Tradition title rus: 
Бидайю ("даяки суши", вкл малох Саравака), ибан (даяки моря, СЗ Борнео), сакаррам; Бруней
Areal ID: 
6.4.4.4
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
98.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
73.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a2bExtra suns and moons annihilatedOther suns or moons besides present ones had been in the sky and were later annihilated
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a35Spots on the lunar discDark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure
a4Female sunThe Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female
a6The Sun and the Moon are femalesBoth the Sun and the Moon are considered to be females (incl. cases when the gender is not directly specified but both emerge from parts of the body of a female person)
b116The first book eaten upAn animal or a person eats up the first book (writing, important document). (In some of European traditions the eating up of the book is not directly described but follows from the context)
b116aKnowledge preserved in the stomachPerson or animal swallows sacred book or its remains. During rituals this knowledge is actualized in the oral text, in sounds of musical instruments made of the animal body parts or in animal body parts used for divination
b116bSacred book gets wetBecasue sacred book gets wet or sinks when people were crossing a river, it is lost or the text becomes unreadable. Or it is destroyed when people try to dry it or when they go to bath and let it lie on a shore
b116cSacred book lostIn the past a particular groups of people possessed scripture and knowledge that were later lost or the people missed opportunity to obtain them
b118One who remained on earth turns into the owlPerson who was unable to ascend to the sky or had returned from the sky to the earth turned into the owl
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b2dMarriage of the sky and the earthThe male Sky (the Sun, the Thunder, the creator of the sky) marries the female Earth (or its female creator) or the female Sky marries the male Earth
b2eThe male earthThe earth or the world as a whole is a male person (alone or together with a female person)
b36aTwo creatures decorate each otherTwo zoomorphic personages decorates each other or somebody decorates each of them
b38The ruined paintingPerson paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result
b38aTwo birds decorate each otherTwo birds decorate each other, one becomes worse than it was before
b3aPrimeval watersWater is the original element, the dry earth appears later
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b3eEarth falls on watersIn the beginning there are only air and water. 1) Person descends from the sky, creates the dry land or a hard support created for her or him grows into the earth. 2) The earth is sent or dropped from the sky, put on the surface of the water. 3) The earth is brought from somewhere (not from the underworld) and put on the water
b42nOrion is one personConstellation of Orion or the Belt of Orion is identified with only one male person, usually with a warrior or hunter
b42nOrion is one personConstellation of Orion or the Belt of Orion is identified with only one male person, usually with a warrior or hunter
b52cEarth bigger than skyWhen the earth was created it proved to be bigger than the sky and had to be squeezed. This way mountains or swamps have appeared
b74bThe marriage of the owl and the MoonThe (proposed) marriage of the owl and the Moon broke up or has never been realized
b77Primeval sky close to earthOriginally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up
b77aGiant pushed the sky upOne or several (animal)-persons push sky up to its present height
b77bSky touched with a long objectThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)
b77b1Sky touched with a pestleThe sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food
b79Cosmic eggFrom the primeval egg, eggs, or egg-like ball emerge the earth, the sky, sky bodies, different animals (all or part of the items of this list)
b79aA bird laid an eggIn the beginning of time a bird flies, lays an egg or eggs, different objects and creatures emerge from them or a bird drops some solid substance on the waters and the dry land or an island appear
b79a1A bird dropped hard substance on waterIn the beginning of time, a bird flies and drops some solid substance on the waters and the dry land or an island appear. Sometimes the precise nature of the substratum on which the solid piece falls is not defined
c34The deluge because of a wounded creatureKilling (injuring, offending) of some cruature (usually related to water) triggers deluge
e2People made for a testMaking people, creator does not reach perfection immediately. First variants of creation are rejected, then proper form and material found
e4Creation from dirt of the skinSupernatural person creates the entire earth, human or other beings of dirt taken from his or her skin, from under the nails, etc.
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e8People of woodThe first people or (the first) woman (wife of a primeval ancestor) are made of wood
f2Pregnant limbChild is born from a tumor or swelling on person's body (on thigh, knee, finger, etc.) or is temporarily placed there or child grows from blood that flew out from a cut
f54OedipusA young man and a woman (Konkani: a young girl and a man) marry and later get to know that they commited incest
f54aImperceptible scar (husband proves to be son)After a rather long marriage, wife discovers some minor traits in her husband guise that help her understand that he is not a proper marriage partner but her close kin (brother, son or father) or a transformed animal; or a man getting to notice a scar on his wife’s head understands that she is his sister
f7The underwater-maidenMan takes or attempts to take a wife who is connected with the underwater world (fish, crab, snake, water animal and the like)
g13bFungi as a false foodBefore acquisition of cultivated plants people ate fungi. Fingi is a food of non-human beings. Fungi is a false food of inferior quality
g13cBad food of the pre-agricultural epochBefore the cultivated plants or edible wild plants become known, people ate (decomposed) wood, bark, mud, stones, fungi
g17Gift of a reptileSerpent (snake-eel in Oceania) or alligator is the original possessor or the source of cultivated plants or wild staples
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g23aAlive being turns into plantsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated
g5Food treeFruits and shoots of different cultivated plants grow on the branches of one tree (on one vine) or certain plant has a tree form that is alien to it in nature
g6Primeval treeOne of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)
g9Restored forestPeople fell trees to make a garden. In the morning, the forest is intact again
h28Plagues from the body of a person or creatureKilled and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures
h34gOne grain porridgeOne cereal grain (cob, etc.) is enough to prepare a meal
h36bDeath and the chameleonChameleon is responsible for introduction of permanent death or hard life; loses object that the deity trusted him to bring to the earth
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h51The demonic horseA horse eats people or is associated with antagonist of the God
h9Strong and weakPeople are mortal because they have been likened to something subject to decay and easy destruction (e.g. to the soft wood and not to the stone)
i104Stars are fragmentsStars are fragments of a bigger luminary (usually the Moon); or stars, the sun and the moon are formed from one and the same primeval person or creature
i108The Pleiades are a personThe Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons
i125The Hiades are a jaw-boneThe Hyades are a jaw bone or a head of a big animal or anthropomorphic creature
i27Chthonic canineA dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i44Chthonic serpentGiant serpent lies on the perimeter of the earth or supports the earth
i44Chthonic serpentGiant serpent lies on the perimeter of the earth or supports the earth
i45bNot to point at the rainbowIt to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked
i51aBull the earth-holderBig mammal supports the earth
i62Milky Way is a riverMilky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim
i82iVenus is Zahra (Zuhra, Zura, etc.)The name of an object of the night sky (usually Venus) is like Zakhra, Zukhra, Zura, etc.
i98aThe Pleiades are a hen with its chickensThe Pleiades are a brooding hen, hen with its chickens, chickens
j49Moon’s wife cannot follow himThe Moon's wife or sister tries to follow him to the sky but is unable to do it
k176A man in search of the womanA (young) man sets off to find or to return his bride or his wife
k24Stolen clothes of supernatural womanWomen (rare: men) who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons; rare: a girl of higher social status than the hero) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a person hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him (rare: her)
k25Magic wifeA man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world
k25eMagic wife is an ancestorAll humans, members of a particular ethnic or social group or a ruling dynasty are believed to descend from a mortal man and a woman of supernatural origin
k26A hole in the firmamentFinding a hole in the ground or making it, person gets to see below another world. Usually the earth is seen from the sky
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27kDiving contestA contest: to dive deep or for a long time
k27nDifficult tasks of the in-lawsA man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n3aTask-giver is the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or WindPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero is associated with the Sun, Moon, Thunder, or Wind (Cloud, Rain)
k27xFormer husband of magic wifeA man marries a non-human woman. In her world, she has another husband or suitor. She returns to her world, human husband follows her. He stands tests and/or fights with local inhabitants, gets his wife back
k37Recognition-testTo return or to get his or her son, wife, husband, domestic animal or (rare) object, person must recognize her, him or it among several identical persons, animals or objects
k60aHow strong are these bonds?Person lets be firmly tied up when another one say that it's only a joke (e.g. a test to see can the first one break bonds)
k74Hero, his companions and a dwarfThe hero and his companion or companions live together. Every morning one stays at home while another or others go to hunt, etc. A demonic person comes, eats up all the food and beats the cook. Or the man who remained at home comes to the demon himself in search of fire and is maltreated by him. The hero kills or neutralizes the demon
l112Complete body obtainedA boy is born having only half of a body or only a head. Ultimately he obtains normal body
l28aEating of snake meat triggers floodBecause people (or certain person) eat the meat of a snake (dragon, strange fish), a flood begins or a landslide occurs, or a river (lake) appears
l37aTo get know causes of problems
l6Demon clings to personA demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back
l81Demon’s firePerson sets off in search of fire and finds it in the house of a demon. The demon makes harm to the person
l85One-sided peopleOne-sided people have one leg and/or also one arm, one half of a head, etc. The second leg is not cut or burned off, preserved as a stump but is absent completely
l85aOne-sided childPerson is born as half of a child or loses his or her half in an accident. The person does not belong to any category of supernatural beings and usually turns into normal girl or young man
l85b1After coming to the sky, the lad gets a normal bodyA lad with incomplete or grotesque body becomes normal after coming to the sky (coming to God, getting back to the earth)
m124A bull’s tailPerson buries a tail or head of a bull or other domestic animal with a tail or horns outside. He explains that the animal sank into the ground and usually asks the others to pull the tail (horns). When they are “torn off”, he tells that people are guilty of the animal being lost
m144The wasp nest as king’s drumOne animal person gets to convince another that dangerous or disgusting objects are attractive and delicious (a wasp nest is a drum, a snake is a girdle, a heap of dung is a delicacy, etc.)
m180aThe unwashed monkeyAn animal person invites another but asks him to wash his hands or feet before dinner. This proves to be impossible and the hungry guest goes away
m29kThe turtle (tortoise, toad, frog) wins thanks to his smartnessBeing smart and persistent, the turtle (toad, frog) overcomes strong adversaries
m29vThe duiker (mouse-deer) wins thanks to his smartnessBeing smart and witty, a small ungulate overcomes strong adversaries. The hero is a duiker, a mouse-deer or other small even-toed ungulates that are not very close biologically but look similar. In some publications on African folklore it is difficult to say what species is meant in particular case
m7Hero waiting to be picked upGetting into the lower or upper world, to an island, a country at the horizon, etc. a man is unable to move further and waits for somebody who could bring him to his destination. Some animals, birds or celestial bodies pass by, the last one (often the Sun or the Moon) picks him up and brings to the place he is eager to go
m90a4The tree of gemsA tree which has gems or adornments instead of fruits is described; particular parts of the tree are made of different metals or precious stones
m91c2Put into the bagPerson is put into a bag (a cage, tied up, etc.) to be drowned, burned, etc. He pretends to be in this situation by his own will or because he refuses to marry a princess, to become a chief and the like. Another person is willing to take his place and is killed


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Dusun, Murut, Kelabit, Tombonuwo, Bajau, Tidong, Rungus
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Palawan (incl Agutaynen)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Mindanao: Blaan (Bilaan), Bagobo, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Hiligáynon, Binukid, Magindaan (=Magindanao: main Muslim population), Mandaya, Mansaka, Manobo (Agusan, Ata, Dibabawon, Sarangani, Ilianen), Maranao, Subanon (=Subanun), Subanen, Tboli
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lahu, Kucong, Yi, Nosu (Nuosu, Northern Yi), Nisu, Nusu, Sani, Jino, Lolo (incl. Bai), Axi, Nasu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Napo (Quijo), Kanelo (“Jungle Kechua”)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Miao (Hmong) and Yao of Southern China
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Locono
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Latvians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kachin (Jingpho), Chak, Maru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Viet, Muong

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Dusun, Murut, Kelabit, Tombonuwo, Bajau, Tidong, Rungus
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bali, Lombok
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Halmahera Papuans: Galela, Loda, Pagu, Modole, Tabaru (Tobaru), Tobelo, Tidore, Ternate
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Yavanese, Kalang, Madura
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Choco: Embera, Nonama (Waunana), XVI century Dabaiba, pre-Columbian iconography of Sinu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kei Islands, Tanimbar Islands, Aru Islands, Watubele Islands, Babar Island
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Numfoor, Warope, Wamesa (Wandamen, Windesi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Ceram: Alune and Wemale (West Ceram), Patasiwa (Ceram), Honitetu (West Ceram Highlands); Nusawele, Hatuolu, Huaolu, Patasiwa; Ambon; Buru
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sangir Islands
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Timor: Amarasi, Tetum, Meto, Atoni (incl Mollo), Kédang (Lomblen island), Leti Islands (Leti, Moa, Lakor)