Tojolabal, Chuj, Jacalteca, Kanjobal, Mocho (incl Tuzantec), Acatec



Tradition title rus: 
Канхобаль, чух, хакальтека, тохолабаль, мочо (тусантек), акатек
Areal ID: 
14.1.7.3
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
63.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
47.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a1


Name_eng: 
The old sun
Description: 

Another sun, usually less benevolent and/or powerful, existed before the present one




Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

a9


Name_eng: 
The moon defends people
Description: 

Female moon does not permit her husband or son to destroy people




Motif

a11a


Name_eng: 
Eyes of the Sun and the Moon: coolness and night
Description: 

Visible sun and/or moon are the Sun's and/or the Moon's eyes. If these eyes were not injured, light and heat would be more intense




Motif

a13b


Name_eng: 
Ants shade the Sun
Description: 

During an eclipse or during the first night ants shade or shaded the Sun




Motif

a14


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

Coming together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses




Motif

a17


Name_eng: 
The Sun’s relax at the midday
Description: 

After passing half of the its way across the sky (in the day time) or in the underworld (in the night time), the Sun stops to have a rest




Motif

a24


Name_eng: 
The first sunrise
Description: 

In the beginning it is dark. When the Sun first appears on the sky, primeval beings or part of them perish or turn into animals, spirits, stones




Motif

a32


Name_eng: 
Figure on lunar disc
Description: 

A figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)




Motif

a32a


Name_eng: 
The Moon rabbit
Description: 

Rabbit or hare are seen in the moon




Motif

b2a


Name_eng: 
The female earth
Description: 

The earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman




Motif

b2b


Name_eng: 
The earth eats the dead
Description: 

The earth devours bodies of the people when they die and are buried




Motif

b39


Name_eng: 
Narrow waist of an insect
Description: 

Insect-person knows the source of food (cultivated plants) and water but does not share his knowledge. To make him speak, ancestors tie a rope around his waist and pull it till the waist becomes narrow (origin of narrow place between breast and belly of insects)




Motif

b40


Name_eng: 
Rabbit as deer’s proxy
Description: 

Hare or rabbit is a false deer or it was deer in the past or a close kin of the deer or had horns or antlers or missed opportunity to get them, its ears are the false horns




Motif

b40a


Name_eng: 
Missed opportunity to have horns
Description: 

Animal who has no horns now had them before or missed opportunity to get them




Motif

b62


Name_eng: 
Buzzard husband
Description: 

Man thinks that buzzard or hawk has better life than he. They exchange clothes. The bird lives with the man's wife as her husband, the man usually does not enjoy his bird life




Motif

c1


Name_eng: 
The collapse of the sky
Description: 

Catastropic displacement of layers of the univers in the past or in the future is mentioned. Among variants (sometimes combined):
the sky fell on the earth; the earth (the underworld) and the sky interchanged their positions; the earth turned upside down; the layers of the universe collapsed in one after another; they will change their place during the future cataclysm




Motif

c2


Name_eng: 
Deluge and conflagration combined
Description: 

Inhabitans of the Middle World are (partly) destroyed (or will be destoyed) once by fire or draught, another time by a flood or the world is destroyed with a flood of fire or boiling water




Motif

c5a


Name_eng: 
Bird-scouts
Description: 

Birds or humans later changed to birds are sent to explore the earth (is it dry, are any survivals, to investigate why smoke rises to the sky, etc.) or to bring some soil to make the land that would be good for living




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

d4g


Name_eng: 
Hummingbird discovers where the fire is (and brings it to people)
Description: 

Hummingbird discovers where the fire is (and brings it to people)




Motif

e33


Name_eng: 
People from seeds
Description: 

People emerge from grains, seeds




Motif

f34


Name_eng: 
Land animal paramour
Description: 

Certain woman or a group of women takes for a paramour a big land animal. Husbands, brothers or (adoptive) children kill or maim paramour and (sometimes) the woman




Motif

f35


Name_eng: 
Feeding with the paramour’s meat
Description: 

Person feeds another with the meat of his or her sexual partner who cooks or eats it without knowing whose meat it is




Motif

f36


Name_eng: 
Sons kill paramour
Description: 

The (adoptive) children or grandchildren and not person's spouse or brother kill the paramour of their (step)mother or father




Motif

g3


Name_eng: 
A rock of crops
Description: 

Cultivated plants or fertile soil to plant them are hidden inside a rock. Birds or Thunders get them destroying the rock




Motif

g4


Name_eng: 
A food mountain
Description: 

Cultivated plants are found above or inside a mountain




Motif

g16


Name_eng: 
Ants find cultivated plants
Description: 

Ants are the first who find cultivated plants (corn or manioc) which are concealed from the others in particular place




Motif

h12


Name_eng: 
The alive person comes to the land of the dead after somebody’s death
Description: 

The alive person comes to the land of the dead to bring back somebody who has recently died (besides stories about shamans who journey to the other world to bring back the soul of a sick person) or, having no particular aim, goes there in company of somebody who had recently died or following his or her tracks




Motif

h18


Name_eng: 
Hoarded game released
Description: 

Game animals were concentrated in one single place. Certain person lets them disperse in the world




Motif

i3


Name_eng: 
Weapon of Thunder
Description: 

The lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being




Motif

i7a


Name_eng: 
The lightning- serpent
Description: 

The lightning is associated with a snake




Motif

i8e1


Name_eng: 
Four supports of the world
Description: 

The sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)




Motif

i14


Name_eng: 
No-anus people
Description: 

Person or creature has no anus opening




Motif

i17


Name_eng: 
Body anomalies of inhabitants of a distant land
Description: 

Beings without mouth, anus, genitals, whose women do not know how to give birth live in the underworld, in the sky, or in a far-away land




Motif

i28


Name_eng: 
Animals in the underworld
Description: 

Game animals live inside a mountain, in a cave or in the underworld where they often look like humans and have a master




Motif

i37f


Name_eng: 
Fungi are ears
Description: 

Fungi or mushrooms are named “ears”




Motif

i78


Name_eng: 
The square earth
Description: 

The earth is square, the sky is usually round




Motif

i80


Name_eng: 
Thunder’s apprentice
Description: 

Person who got into the place of a deity responsible for atmospheric phenomena breaks certain taboo or instructions producing excessive thunderstorm, rain, snowfall or wind




Motif

k2


Name_eng: 
The destroyed ladder
Description: 

Hero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)




Motif

k3


Name_eng: 
Tree or rock grows taller
Description: 

Hero climbs up a tree or rock to get eggs, nestlings, fruits, honey, etc. Another person makes the tree (rock) grow higher or thicker and the hero is unable to descend back




Motif

k29a


Name_eng: 
Surviving in a fire
Description: 

Hero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation




Motif

l11


Name_eng: 
Turtle-bench
Description: 

In a non-human world objects of everyday life have appearance of animals and monsters, mainly fish, amphibians and reptiles




Motif

l22


Name_eng: 
The sound sleep
Description: 

After breaking some taboo, coming across a strange object or person, people fall asleep. They do not feel when at night spirits come and injure or kill them




Motif

l22a


Name_eng: 
People become blind
Description: 

After breaking some taboo, coming across a strange object or person, people fall asleep and awake blind




Motif

l58


Name_eng: 
Avaricious man
Description: 

A man does not share food with his wife or kinsfolk. He or his food is transformed (turns into a bird, into worms, etc.) in punishment




Motif

l70


Name_eng: 
Fruit falls and kills
Description: 

Person or animal is killed or injured with a heavy object dropped from a tree (or rock, etc.). The person or the animal knows that the objects will fall but has falls ideas about its character and weight




Motif

m5


Name_eng: 
Provoked insult
Description: 

Being in a situation when his life depends on a good will of a demon or animal, person either resists or does not resist the temptation to insult or to beat, bite, etc. the latter




Motif

m8


Name_eng: 
Breaking the obstacle
Description: 

Non-human persons work hard to destroy a strong and durable obstacle that blocks access to some place or object




Motif

m29g


Name_eng: 
Trickster-hare or rabbit
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit




Motif

m29k1 Not used in statistics


Name_eng: 
The turtle (toad, frog) is a tricky failure
Description: 

A turtle (tortoise, toad, frog) behaves foolishly creating serious problems for himself




Motif

m30


Name_eng: 
Trickster falls down
Description: 

Person or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return




Motif

m40


Name_eng: 
The distorted instructions
Description: 

Person is sent to receive something of relatively low value. He asks to give him quite different object (to provide a service) and asks one who had sent him to confirm the demand. Usually a person or animal comes to a wife or a son of a powerful one and tells her or him that her (his) husband or father tells to give him food, to make love to him, to marry him, etc.




Motif

m47


Name_eng: 
Head put to bottoms
Description: 

Punishing a person or animal or restoring his or its body after its disin­teg­ration, a powerful being intentionally or by chance puts head to bottoms




Motif

m56a


Name_eng: 
Alligator’s secret
Description: 

A man or an animal beats alligator but it remains unharmed and says that he would be killed if stricken in one special place on his body. The next time the same person strikes alligator this way and kills it




Motif

h12c


Name_eng: 
Orpheus: to return the dead wife
Description: 

Husband follows his dead wife to the other world but is unable to bring her back or succeeds to do it but loses her once again




Motif

i8e


Name_eng: 
Four men at the cardinal points
Description: 

Four (or eight) anthropomorphic male persons support the earth or the sky or are placed at the four cardinal points




Motif

m11


Name_eng: 
The unclean food
Description: 

Person feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food




Motif

b125


Name_eng: 
Animals exchange their organs
Description: 

During the time of creation particular species of animals (rare: plants) exchanged certain organs or traits or one animal borrowed an organ from another one but never brought it back. Thence the characteristics of these animals now. In rare cases the back exchange and restoring of the initial situation or the passing of certain organ from one animal to another without compensation are described




Motif

a14a


Name_eng: 
The conflict between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

The Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations




Motif

i85c1


Name_eng: 
The rain stored in the sky
Description: 

In the sky there is a special container (vessel, skin, box, etc.) for storing the rain




Motif

i20c


Name_eng: 
Dwarfs live in the underworld
Description: 

Dwarfs live in the underworld that somewhat reminds the world of humans. If the dwarfs and the humans meet, it is deep under the earther




Motif

f34b


Name_eng: 
The paramour is not a human being
Description: 

A girl (a woman, a group of women) intentionally takes a penis-being, a snake, an eel, a lizard, a worm, a big water animal or water monster or a big terrestrial mammal for paramour. People kill or maim the paramour, the woman and/or her progeny or she is transformed herself into an animal. She is blamed for her behavior





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Quiche, Achí, Cakchiquel, Pocomchi, Pocomam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tzeltal
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Nahuan groups of Puebla and Huasteca after AD1900
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Aztec; Aztec and Teotihuacan iconography
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Yucatec, Itza; pre-Columbian Mayan iconography of Yucatan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tzotzil
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tepehua, Totonac
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bribri, Cabecar, Térraba; Chiriqui (AD 800-1500) iconography
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Zoque; Izapa iconography (I millennium BC)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Witoto, Ocaina

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Zoque; Izapa iconography (I millennium BC)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Siona, Secoya, Coreguaje
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Kekchi; Mopan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Chorti
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Napo (Quijo), Kanelo (“Jungle Kechua”)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Quiche, Achí, Cakchiquel, Pocomchi, Pocomam
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tzotzil
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Sicuani
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Guiana Kariña, Kaliña, Galibi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Moseten, Chimane