Northern Peru: Sierra (Kechua-speaking communities, Cajamarca, Ancash, Huanuco and San Martin departments; Chavin pre-Columbian iconography; Spanish sources of XVI-XVII centuries)



Tradition title rus: 
Север горной области Перу, департаменты (=регионы) Кахамарка, Сан-Мартин, Анкаш и Уануко (современные кечуаязычные группы; сообщения источников XVI-XVII вв; изображения культуры чавин середины I тыс до нэ)
Areal ID: 
14.4.2.2
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
76.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
52.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a2Several sunsIn a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously
a24The first sunriseIn the beginning it is dark. When the Sun first appears on the sky, primeval beings or part of them perish or turn into animals, spirits, stones
a2aThe sun is a source of distructive heatThe world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)
a3Male sun and female moonThe Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a34The fox and the MoonJackal, coyote, or fox are connected with the Moon (usually with the origin of spots on the lunar disc)
b17Night in containerDarkness is a particular object that can be carried (usually brought from its original owner in a container)
b28Travelling transformerThe transformer walks along coming across different persons and creatures, transforming them into birds, animals, stones, shrines, etc. (or transforming monstrous animals into present day ones) and introducing cultural norms, landscape features, etc.
b2aThe female earthThe earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman
b3bEarth grows bigOriginal earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance
b43PurushaParts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe
b75aSounds of the time of creation: voice of a personVoice of a person who lived in the bygone times is still heard (most often it is an echo)
c25bA spinner in the MoonIn the sky, on the Moon (rare: on the Sun), i.e. somewhere outside of our world certain person is spinning, weaving, plaiting, or embroidering
e23Fleas make person moveA handful of fleas or lice is thrown into people or into particular person. It was the only way to make him, her or them move and live
e5aMankind ascends from the underworldThe first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5cPeople from the skyThe first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e9The mysterious housekeeperPerson observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one
f16Men and women: exchange of anatomical characteristicsInitially men possessed women's biological traits and vice versa (beard, menses, breasts, bearing children)
f39The time of womenThe women dominated over the men in the past or in a far away land, were the active part in marriage relations, practiced activities which now are reserved of the men only. Or the women could obtained supremacy but failed to do it for some reason
f9A dangerous womanFor different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man
f9aVagina dentataThere are teeth, blades or sharp stones in woman’s genitals, vagina is the biting mouth. (Only texts that are believed to correspond to reality are considered but not anecdotes and jokes)
g1A kidnapped childValuables (earth, soil, sun, crops, fire, sacred knowledge, hunting luck) are got or returned when son or daughter is stolen from his or her parent
g17Gift of a reptileSerpent (snake-eel in Oceania) or alligator is the original possessor or the source of cultivated plants or wild staples
g2The return of PersephonePerson who is the incarnation of fertility and life first disappears and then (reriodically) returns
g20Woman turns into plantsFood crops emerge from remains of a woman or girl
g23Alive being turns into many objectsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)
g23aAlive being turns into plantsPerson or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated
g24Food from the skyFirst seeds (sprouts, tubors) of cultivated plants or of important edible wild plants are brought from the sky (received from the sky-dwellers)
h24Container opened too earlyContainer with valuables or with dangerous creatures is opened (before time). Its content goes out of control or disappear
h26Mosquitoes had to be drownedThe right way to dispose of container with stinging insects would be to throw it into the river or sea or bury in a far away place, but it was not done
h27Mosquitoes let loseStinging insects (rare diseases) had been inside a container or some enclosure. They escaped to the world when the container or enclosure was foolishly opened
h28Plagues from the body of a person or creatureKilled and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures
h35Fragile teethHuman teeth are made of material subject to easy damage (etiology of tooth ache in most cases)
h36The muddled messagePerson is sent by god to bring instructions or certain objects but distorts, forgets or replaces them. This has fatal consequences for humans or for a certain species of animals. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)
h36gMuddled message: how many meals a dayGod sends his messenger to tell people that they should eat only rarely (once in three days or the like). The messenger tells them that they should eat often (three times a day)
i22Objects in permanent movementThere are objects which remaining on the same place are moving permanently or periodically (meet and part. rise and fall down, shut and open, rotate)
i22gClapping rocksThere are mountains or rocks which permanently collide and separate again from each other or a crack (jaws) in a vertical cliff which is opening and closing
i3Weapon of ThunderThe lightning (and thunder) is (produced with) an object (axe, sword, mirror, belt, stones, skin, etc.) in hands of anthropomorphic being
i41Rainbow serpentRainbow is a reptile (usually a snake) or (more rare) a fish, or it is related to snake, to its tongue, breath, or to scorpion's tail
i5Thunder is an animalThunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)
i62Milky Way is a riverMilky Way is a sky river, water body, chain of beings that swim
i66Ashes on Milky WayMilky Way is ashes or smoldering coals
i82aVenus is maleMorning and/or Evening Star is a male personage
i82bVenus is femaleMorning and/or Evening Star is a female personage
i82dMorning and Evening stars are a man and a womanMorning and Evening stars are opposed as a man and a woman or vice versa
j1The vengeful heroesPersons avenge the death of their father, mother or other relatives who are one (rare two) generations older than they
j21Birth from eggsGods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs
j22ePlacenta personA second person evolves from the placenta of the first one
j31Father’s weaponA young hero obtains and uses weapons or other powerful objects which belonged to his murdered father
j4Revenge for the death of the male relativesHeroes avenge the murder or captivity of the male relatives: (grand)father, uncles, or the elder relatives in general, the loss of the males being the most traumatic
j47Pursuer falls from heightPerson ascends to the sky (rare: descends from the sky; ascends the cliff) by a rope, a ladder, etc. Another person tries to follow him or her but the rope (the ladder) is broken or severed
j48Parrot cuts the sky ropePerson ascends to the sky or descends from the sky to earth by a rope. A parrot cuts the rope, the person falls to earth
k41Thunder against a serpent Thunder or giant bird fights against a reptile, big water animal or other big and strong creature who lives in water or under the earth
l17bTwo facesPerson or creature has another face (another mouth) on the back of his (her, its) head
l18Multi-headed birdA bird with two or more heads on top of one body is described in tales or represented in art
l38Demon’s trapA demon puts a trap to catch people, hero gets into it
l58Avaricious manA man does not share food with his wife or kinsfolk. He or his food is transformed (turns into a bird, into worms, etc.) in punishment
l5cRolling head is a dangerous monsterRolling head is a dangerous mobster (pursues celestial bodies, people etc.)
l5dHead is thirstyRolling head suffers thirst
l6Demon clings to personA demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back
l7Chasing an animal by mistakeInstead of chasing a person, a bush spirit, a monster or a dangerous animal follows by mistake an object or animal that moves nearby
l72The obstacle flightRunning away from a dangerous being, person throws small objects behind him or her which turn into mighty obstacles on the way of the pursuer
l73Ogre tries to drink a river dry and burstsThe antagonist tries to drink a river or sea and bursts
l76Ogress devours testiclesAn ogress attacks her male victim devouring or pulling off his testicles
m11The unclean foodPerson feeds others a food that is extracted from his, hers or somebody else’ body or is polluted by body extractions not informing about the source of the food
m21A protector hides fugitivesThe protagonist pursued by an enemy comes across a person, an animal or an object to help him and receives help
m28Icarus (failed attempt to fly on artificial wings)Acquiring possibility to fly, person ultimately falls to the ground or remains in a faraway place being unable to fly any more
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29wJaguar (ocelote, puma) is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the jaguar (ocelote, puma) suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m30Trickster falls downPerson or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return
m33Anus closedPerson himself or somebody else stitches up or firmly stops his anus (with wax, clay, grass, etc.)
m40The distorted instructionsPerson is sent to receive something of relatively low value. He asks to give him quite different object (to provide a service) and asks one who had sent him to confirm the demand. Usually a person or animal comes to a wife or a son of a powerful one and tells her or him that her (his) husband or father tells to give him food, to make love to him, to marry him, etc.
m44cThieves of food: a young heroA boy or young man comes to steal food of a person who is elder than he. Usually he is caught but not punished and invited to live with the elder person
m71Picked up piece of woodTrickster floats down the river or falls from the height and turns into a piece of wood or into a wooden object. Somebody picks it up. Eventually, the trickster acquires his real self, usually in the host's absence
m81Blind personsA man travels and comes to two or several blind (usually old) persons


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Pasco, Junin, Huancavelica departments: Central Peru, Sierra (Kechua-speaking communities in Spanish sources XVI-XVII centuries)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kamayura
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Napo (Quijo), Kanelo (“Jungle Kechua”)
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Kechua-speaking communities of Apurimac, Cuzco, Arequipa, Puno departments; Spanish sources of XVI-XVII centuries; Callawaya (Kechua with Pukina substratum)
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Locono
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Wayana, Aparai
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Paya (Pech), Sumu, Misquito
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Trio
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Cofan (Cofán)
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XVI century Cañari; Kechua-speaking groups of Azuay, Cañar, Cayambe, Otovalo, Imbabura provinces

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Pasco, Junin, Huancavelica departments: Central Peru, Sierra (Kechua-speaking communities in Spanish sources XVI-XVII centuries)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Aimara
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Chol; pre-Columbian Mayan iconography
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Northern Peru: Costa (Spanish speaking communities from Ecuadorian border till Ancash and Huanuco departments included; Moche pre-Columbian iconography; Spanish sources of XVI-XVII centuries)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kechua-speaking communities of Apurimac, Cuzco, Arequipa, Puno departments; Spanish sources of XVI-XVII centuries; Callawaya (Kechua with Pukina substratum)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Chorote
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Napo (Quijo), Kanelo (“Jungle Kechua”)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Wayapi, Emerillon
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Cofan (Cofán)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Pawnee