Iranian literary tradition (including Avesta, Pahlevi scripts, Šah-nāmeh, Marzbān-nāmeh); Zoroastrians of Iran, Indian Parsees



Tradition title rus: 
Иранская письменная традиция (Авеста? пехлевийские тексты, Шах-наме; «Марзбан-наме); иранские зороастрийцы; индийские парсы
Areal ID: 
5.4.1.1
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
81.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
51.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

a12


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: monster’s attack
Description: 

Some creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light




Motif

a12c


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: reptiles and fish
Description: 

During an eclipse or at the sunset the Sun or the Moon are attacked by a reptile (a snake, a lizard, a dragon, a crocodile) or a fish




Motif

b1


Name_eng: 
Two male creators
Description: 

Two male anthropomorphic creators compete in producing things. One of them is or becomes master of the underworld and/or spirits while another is associated with humans




Motif

b2a


Name_eng: 
The female earth
Description: 

The earth is a female person (alone or together with a male person); she is female being or associated with a woman




Motif

b3a


Name_eng: 
Primeval waters
Description: 

Water is the original element, the dry earth appears later




Motif

b3b


Name_eng: 
Earth grows big
Description: 

Original earth was small and later increased in size or the fertile soil grew from a small amount of original substance




Motif

b79


Name_eng: 
Cosmic egg
Description: 

From the primeval egg, eggs, or egg-like ball emerge the earth, the sky, sky bodies, different animals (all or part of the items of this list)




Motif

c26


Name_eng: 
Guardian at the border of the non-human world
Description: 

Monsters or ghosts try to invade our world. Powerful person or creature is on guard and prevents the invasion




Motif

e5b


Name_eng: 
First couple from the underworld
Description: 

First man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)




Motif

e9h


Name_eng: 
Dove-wife
Description: 

A man marries dove-woman




Motif

e32


Name_eng: 
People born from trees
Description: 

First people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed




Motif

f45


Name_eng: 
The Amazons
Description: 

There are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages




Motif

f70


Name_eng: 
Potiphar's wife: false accusation of sexual abuse
Description: 

Woman makes vain overtures to young man and/or falsely accuses him of sexual abuse. Her husband believes that the young man is guilty, kills or tries to kill him




Motif

f70a


Name_eng: 
Disordered clothes as evidence against innocent man
Description: 

To accuse a man or boy of (sexual) abbuse, a woman tears her clothes, smears or scratches her body pretending to be attacked




Motif

f70b


Name_eng: 
Revenge of a rejected woman
Description: 

A woman revenges on a man who rejected her love but necessary not pretends to be an object of sexual harassment from his part




Motif

g6


Name_eng: 
Primeval tree
Description: 

One of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)




Motif

g23


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into many objects
Description: 

Person or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different objects or creatures (only etiological narratives are considered)




Motif

g23a


Name_eng: 
Alive being turns into plants
Description: 

Person or creature is transformed. Separate parts of its (his, her) body give origin to different plants, mostly edible or cultivated




Motif

h7


Name_eng: 
The personified Death
Description: 

Death (also Old Age, Disease, etc.) is a particular person not identical with the Master of the Dead. He kills people usually carrying away their souls




Motif

h28


Name_eng: 
Plagues from the body of a person or creature
Description: 

Killed and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures




Motif

h40


Name_eng: 
Dog is the guard of man
Description: 

Dog guards (successfully or unsuccessfully) the (still unfinished) physical body of man or the entrance to paradise




Motif

h51


Name_eng: 
The demonic horse
Description: 

A horse eats people or is associated with antagonist of the God




Motif

i13a


Name_eng: 
The horned serpent
Description: 

Giant water-chthonic or sky serpent or dragon has horns or antlers on its head




Motif

i27


Name_eng: 
Chthonic canine
Description: 

A dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead




Motif

i27a


Name_eng: 
Towns and paths of dogs
Description: 

Souls of the dead dogs have their own towns in the Beyond or their own paths to travel there




Motif

i38


Name_eng: 
The dog-heads
Description: 

Some beings are half-men and half-dogs (usually anthropomorphic with heads of dogs)




Motif

i48


Name_eng: 
Confined to the underworld
Description: 

Certain person loses his or her freedom, is confined to a far away place (often, to the underworld) and acquires cosmic dimensions: supports the earth or the sky and/or his or her movements produce earthquakes or (rare) storms




Motif

i51a


Name_eng: 
Bull the earth-holder
Description: 

Big mammal supports the earth




Motif

i82b


Name_eng: 
Venus is female
Description: 

Morning and/or Evening Star is a female personage




Motif

i85


Name_eng: 
Polaris is a pole, a nail
Description: 

Polaris is a (tethering) pole or a nail




Motif

i91


Name_eng: 
Water body at the base of a tree
Description: 

There is a source or body of water at the base of a tree which connects layers of the universe and/or has gigantic dimensions and considered to be the main tree of the world




Motif

i106


Name_eng: 
Ursa major is a person
Description: 

Ursa major is only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons




Motif

j26


Name_eng: 
Babies come out of the water
Description: 

Baby heroes, embryos or objects from which they emerge are found in a river or lake or come to people out of the water




Motif

j42


Name_eng: 
Waters split apart
Description: 

When person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k24


Name_eng: 
Stolen clothes of supernatural woman
Description: 

Women who possess supernatural power and usually come from a non-human world (from sky, from under the water, they are winged beings, bird- or animal-persons) take off their clothes (feather skins and the like) or part of it. Because a man hides the clothes (of one of them), their owner(s) have (has) to marry him or help him




Motif

k27a


Name_eng: 
Ordeal: survive cold
Description: 

An ordeal: to survive cold (frosty night outdoors, chamber with ice, cold water and snow)




Motif

k27n


Name_eng: 
Difficult tasks of the in-laws
Description: 

A man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage




Motif

k28


Name_eng: 
Father or uncle is rival and enemy
Description: 

Maternal uncle or father (or grandfather if he replaces father who is not mentioned) of the young man is his rival or enemy and tries to kill him




Motif

k37


Name_eng: 
Recognition-test
Description: 

To return or to get his or her son, wife, husband, domestic animal or (rare) object, person must recognize her, him or it among several identical persons, animals or objects




Motif

k95


Name_eng: 
The twining branches (united in death)
Description: 

Two persons who loved each other (usually a man and a girl) are buried in one grave or not far from each other. After the burial something related to this event takes place (two plants grow up and stretch their branches to each other, smoke of two funeral pyres is merged, two birds flu out from the grave, two stars appear on the sky, etc.)




Motif

k96


Name_eng: 
Fifty sons
Description: 

Many brothers marry or have to marry in such a way that all their wives are (were) sisters




Motif

k106


Name_eng: 
Thrown to cows
Description: 

To get rid of a baby child or of the magic cock, they throw him into enclosure for animals, but cows or other animals do not trample the child or cock down




Motif

l13


Name_eng: 
The reared up monster
Description: 

A small creature is reared up by people. When it is grown up, it becomes harmful and dangerous




Motif

l14


Name_eng: 
Reared up serpent
Description: 

A small creature (often a worm or a reptile) is brought home and reared up or it becomes to live by itself in an artificial body of water. When big, it goes out of human control or becomes something huge and/or dangerous. Cf. motif L13A (The reared up monster attacks people)




Motif

l17


Name_eng: 
Face on breast
Description: 

There is a headless anthropomorphic being who has eyes and/or mouth on his or her breast




Motif

m28


Name_eng: 
Icarus (failed attempt to fly on artificial wings)
Description: 

Acquiring possibility to fly, person ultimately falls to the ground or remains in a faraway place being unable to fly any more




Motif

m30


Name_eng: 
Trickster falls down
Description: 

Person or creature who has no wings or is unable to fly on a long distance attempts to ascend to the sky or to fly far away but falls down or, deprived of his wings, remains in a place from which he is unable to return




Motif

k27n1


Name_eng: 
Task-giver is a king or a chief
Description: 

Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being




Motif

m162


Name_eng: 
Eating his own innards
Description: 

Person pretends to eat his own innards or flesh and persuades the other to do the same. Other believes and kills themselves




Motif

i76a


Name_eng: 
Snake turns into dragon
Description: 

After certain time a snake or fish turn into a dragon




Motif

a12d


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: birds
Description: 

A bird or birds attack or shade the Sun or the Moon during an eclipse or at the sunrise and sunset




Motif

i27c


Name_eng: 
The four-eyed dog
Description: 

Dogs having spots over the eyes are called the four-eyed and believed to have special properties (e.g. to see ghosts)




Motif

f70e2


Name_eng: 
Father tests his daughters or sons
Description: 

Father sends his daughters or sons to carry out a difficult task. At the very beginning their courage is tested. Only the youngest son or the youngest daughter passes the test successfully. Usually father takes guise of a robber or a predator animal and charges but only the youngest son or the youngest daughter is not scared.




Motif

g6a


Name_eng: 
Tree of the year
Description: 

Year is described as a tree with the number of branches, twigs, leaves etc. corresponding to the number of seasons, months, days, etc.




Motif

b33g


Name_eng: 
Three horsemen (the Sun, the Moon, the Night)
Description: 

Horsemen or horses symbolize luminaries or parts of the day cycle




Motif

j4


Name_eng: 
Revenge for the death of the male relatives
Description: 

Heroes avenge the murder or captivity of the male relatives: (grand)father, uncles, or the elder relatives in general, the loss of the males being the most traumatic




Motif

h54


Name_eng: 
The eyelids of Viy
Description: 

Eyelids (eyelashes, eyebrows) of personage hang long down over his eyes. To make the eyes widely opened, the eyelids (eyelashes, eyebrows) should be propped up with poles, folks, sticks, etc. (rare: cut off)




Motif

b102a


Name_eng: 
Clouds are cows
Description: 

Clouds are associated with cattle (and rain is the milk of the cloud coes)




Motif

h16


Name_eng: 
Rivers of tears
Description: 

Rivers of tears exist in the other world. Tears shed on earth fill there big containers




Motif

h16b


Name_eng: 
The basin of milk
Description: 

A river (wave, lake, basin) of milk that exists on earth (and not among the stars) is mentioned in narratives (in different context)




Motif

n34


Name_eng: 
Honey and oil
Description: 

Streams of honey and oil (oil and milk, milk and blood) instead of streams of water are mentioned as a sign of generosity and prosperity. Cf. motif K33F




Motif

a19c


Name_eng: 
The sun horse
Description: 

The Sun is associated with a horseman or rides in a cart driven by horses (equids)




Motif

a19c1


Name_eng: 
The sun cart
Description: 

The sun or the moon moves in a cart or sledge




Motif

k10


Name_eng: 
Fight with the monstrous bird
Description: 

Monstrous bird (giant bat) predates on humans. Heroes fight with it




Motif

k38f4


Name_eng: 
Fire-breathing monster
Description: 

From the mouth of a monstrous creature or person who is the enemy of the hero fire is coming out; its breath is fire




Motif

l19b


Name_eng: 
Beings with odd number of heads
Description: 

Being (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads




Motif

b43


Name_eng: 
Purusha
Description: 

Parts of the body of the primeval person or creature are transformed into different elements of the landscape and parts of the universe




Motif

i35b


Name_eng: 
The bronze sky
Description: 

Sky is made of metal. The technique of its creation reminds the work of a smith




Motif

k38e


Name_eng: 
Of copper, of silver, of gold
Description: 

Loci or objects of three (rare – four) different materials are mentioned in such a way that all of them have positive connotations though unequal value (copper, silver and gold; silver, gold and diamonds, etc.)




Motif

b33f


Name_eng: 
Night that unwinds her yarn
Description: 

Thanks to activity of a person (usually the old woman who winds or unwinds yarn, threads, etc.), the night and the day alternate with each other




Motif

k27o1


Name_eng: 
Head used as ball
Description: 

Severed human heads are compared with balls or used as balls




Motif

i87a2


Name_eng: 
What is Two?
Description: 

Antagonist names numbers from one to seven or nine, every time asking what it is. The hero gives answers that the antagonist accepts as correct ones.




Motif

k25


Name_eng: 
Magic wife
Description: 

A man consciously marries a woman related to the non-human world




Motif

c14


Name_eng: 
Monsters destroy people
Description: 

During or before the world catastrophe (deluge, darkness) wild beasts and monsters attack and destroy people




Motif

j1


Name_eng: 
The vengeful heroes
Description: 

Persons avenge the death of their father, mother or other relatives who are one (rare two) generations older than they




Motif

b40a


Name_eng: 
Missed opportunity to have horns
Description: 

Animal who has no horns now had them before or missed opportunity to get them




Motif

m147a


Name_eng: 
Foxes will meet at the bazaar
Description: 

When two foxes (wolves) meet, one of them asks another when their next meeting will be. Another one answers that at the bazaar where pelts are sold (at the fur-dresser, etc.)




Motif

m83


Name_eng: 
Who is older?
Description: 

Somebody claims that he has been born before present world came into being. His opponent claims the same, and they argue who of them is the older




Motif

m166


Name_eng: 
Piece among animals
Description: 

To lure his potential victim down from a tree, a predator pretends not to be dangerous (usually announces that it has been decreed that all animals are united in piece). The victim is dubious and usually asks the predator to announce the same news to the dogs. The predator runs away





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Scandinavians: early written sources ("Edda"; Saxo Grammaticus etc.); Gothland picture stones; Ancient Germans (Late Bronze Age in Scandinavia)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Lithuanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Indian literary tradition (Vedic, Brahman, Purana, Indian Buddhism, Hinduism, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Panchtantra, Jatakas); iconography of Hindu temples
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Selkups
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tuvinians of Tuva
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Chukchi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Khakas
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Southern Altai: Altai proper (Altai-Kiji), Telengit
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Sauk (Sak, Mesquakie), Fox, Kickapoo

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Estonians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tajik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Spain
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Finns
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Arabs (literary tradition; incl. One Thousand and One Nights)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Ancient Greece
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Russians: Central part of Russian ethnic territory as in A.D. 1500: Tver, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Kostroma, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, eastern part of Smolensk provinces (most of Smolensk province is Belorussian ethnic territory)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Italians: Central (Toscana, Umbria, Marche, San-Marino, Lazio)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kazakh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kara Kalpak