Linked Motifs

Motif	Name	Description
e5a	Mankind ascends from the underworld	The first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together
e5b	First couple from the underworld	First man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)
e5c	People from the sky	The first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.
e9j1	Humans develope from monkeys	It is told how some monkeys changed their habits and appearance and became humans
h1c	Stamped down grave	People do not come back to life after somebody buries the dead in the grave or stamps down the earth on the grave
h36	The muddled message	Person is sent by god to bring instructions or certain objects but distorts, forgets or replaces them. This has fatal consequences for humans or for a certain species of animals. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)
h36a	Origin of death from the falsified message	Person distorts instructions that he must pass to others, intentionally lies, forgets or replaces certain objects that must be given to others. Because of this human beings become mortal (do not revive after death)
h36b	Death and the chameleon	Chameleon is responsible for introduction of permanent death or hard life; loses object that the deity trusted him to bring to the earth
h36c	Death and the lizard	Lizard is responsible for introduction of permanent death. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)
h36hh	Death and the frog	Frog or toad is responsible for introduction of permanent death
i117	Spider ferries from one world to another	Spider person raises the hero to the sky, helps him or her to return back to earth or otherwise helps to overcome the borderlines between worlds
i28	Animals in the underworld	Game animals live inside a mountain, in a cave or in the underworld where they often look like humans and have a master
i40	Rainbow bow	Rainbow is a bow
j62	People turned into stones	Person transforms people who come to him or her into inanimate objects, usually stones
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)	Competitions and difficult tasks	Person is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27n	Difficult tasks of the in-laws	A man must fulfill difficult tasks (to win competition) to receive the permission for a marriage
k27n1	Task-giver is a king or a chief	Person who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k33h	The cat, the dog and the magic object	A man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)
k56a	The unworthy girl fails, the worthy one succeeds	Two or three sisters are sent in succession to powerful person. The first or the first and the second sister behave in a wrong way, perish or do not succeed. The last one behaves correctly, gets a reward
k80a	A bird or an object tell about a murder	An object or a creature that emerged from remains, decorations, etc. of a killed person tells about his or her fate. Usually a reed grows from the person's grave and a pipe made from the reed tells the story
k80a1	Bird tells about a murder	A bird (that usually emerges from the remains of a murdered person or being incarnation of his or her soul) punishes the murderer or tells people about the crime
l109	The cannibal gourd	A gourd proves to be a cannibal or grows from remains of a monster
l4	The unmasked murderer (Blue Beard)	Person kills girls (rare: his nephews or younger brothers of his wife) in succession (usually the male person kills his wives). The last of potential victims escapes, usually after finding remains of those who had been killed or imprisoned earlier
l85	One-sided people	One-sided people have one leg and/or also one arm, one half of a head, etc. The second leg is not cut or burned off, preserved as a stump but is absent completely
m156	The ungrateful one returned to captivity	An (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m185	On the tail of the fast one (animals)	A slow and a fast animals (or not flying bird) agree to race. The slow one imperceptibly sticks to the fast one’s body (or to a vehicle) and getting to the finish pretends to come there simultaneously with the fast one or before him
m185a	On the tail of the winner (all versions)	Birds, animals or fish compete as about who is the fastest or can fly higher than others. A weak one imperceptible sticks to the body of the fastest or strongest and wins
m29g	Trickster-hare or rabbit	In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit
m29g1	Hare or rabbit as the main trickster	In most of the episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is hare or rabbit. Not considered are traditions in which 1) trickster hare/rabbit is rare while other trickster (usually fox/jackal/coyote) typical; 2) Mesoamerican traditions in which episodes with trickster rabbit are not many and could be borrowed in post-Columbian time being of African origin
m29w3	The lion is a failure	Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m62c	Pulling a rope	A weak animal-person agrees separately with two strong ones to pull a rope with him. They do not know that are engaged into tug-of-war with each other or that the rope is tied to a tree. (In New World motif borrowed from Afroamericans)

Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Tonga (Tsonga; incl, Soli, Sala, Lenje)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Bemba (Wemba, Babemba; incl Ambo, Lala, Lamba, Bisa), Holoholo, Kaonde
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition: Ndebele, Pedi, Thonga (incl Ronga), Hlengwe, Matabele (Tebele)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Fang (Pangwe), Eton, Bafia, Batanga, Benga, Bube (Bubi), Buheba, Yaunde (Ewondo), Yebekolo, Koko, Bulu, Beti (Beti-Bulu), Sekiani, Eghap
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Malawi (incl Nyanja, Banyanja, Manganja), Tumbuka (incl Henga), Nsenga, Matengo, (Ba)Wenda
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Biu-Mandara: Margi, Kilba, Bura, Kera, Karekare (Kerri-Kerri), Bachama, Zulgo, Giziga, Hdi, Kapsiki, Mandara (incl Mukulehe, Matakam), Mofu (Mofu-Gudur), Somrai (Sibine, Shibha)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Shone (Shona, =Mashona, =Karanga), Makoni (Shoni dialect), Remba (=Hungwe, Wahungwe); Zezuru, Rozwi, Ndau (Vandau)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Safwa, Nyika (Nyixa, Nyiha), Mkulwe, Ngonde, Kinga, Nyakusa, Nyamwanga
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Lozi (Losi, Rotse, Barotse), Lui, Subiya (Subia)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Zulu, Swazi

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 8 Tradition: Lithuanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 8 Tradition: Spain
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Latvians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Romanians, Moldavians, Aromanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Estonians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Poles
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Central Tibetans (Yu Tsang, incl. Sikkim Tibetans, Tichurong of NW Nepal)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Ireland
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Catalan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 7 Tradition: Italians: Northwest (Mentona, Ticino, Valle-d’Aosta, Piemont, Liguria, Lombardia, Emilia–Romagna)