Tofa (Karagas)



Tradition title rus: 
Тофалары
Areal ID: 
9.1.3.3
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
94.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
52.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
a12Eclipses: monster’s attackSome creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light
a23aWho will see the Sun first?Two persons or animals argue about who of them will be the first to see the rising sun. One who seemed to have less chances wins
a23bFirst beams on the tree topsTwo persons or animals argue who will see the rising sun first. One who got to see not the sun itself but its reflection or the first beams on trees or mountain tops wins
a32Figure on lunar discA figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)
a32dMan in the MoonHuman being or imprint of human being is seen in the moon
a32ePerson with an object in handsPerson who holds some object in his or her hands is seen in the moon (rare: in the sun)
a32fWater-carrier in the MoonPerson who went to fetch water and/or holds in hands a container for liquid is seen in the moon
a32gHolding a bushPerson who had been carried up to the moon took hold of a bush or a small tree and is seen now on the lunar disc together with this bush
a32hThe Moon plantA tree or bush is seen in the moon
b109Person turns into bearPerson turns into a bear (origin of bears)
b115Evergreen treesConiferous or some other trees or shrubs (subshrubs) became evergree when the life elixir was spilled on them by chance
b42Cosmic huntCertain stars or constellations are interpreted as hunters, their dogs and game that the hunters pursue
b42bSky hunters pursue an ungulateIn the cosmic hunt tale the game pursued by the hunters is an ungulate (elk, deer, mountain sheep, etc.)
b42hThe Belt of Orion is the game, other star is the hunterThe Belt of Orion is the animal or three animals, other star (of the Orion or outside of this constellation) is the hunter
b42h1Hunter's arrow hits the animalIn context of the Cosmic Hunt myth one of the stars (group of stars) is an arrow or a bullet which hit the animal or three animals identified with the Belt of Orion
b46Big Dipper is seven menEvery one of the seven main stars of the Ursa mayor is a an adult man
b46bSeven star sistersEvery one of the seven main stars of the Ursa major is a female person
b46cBig Dipper is seven persons or animalsEvery main star of the Big Dipper is interpreted as a particular person or animal
b50Whose blood is sweeter?An insect feeds on human blood (flesh). Dangerous person asks it where it had sucked blood or whose blood (flesh) is the most delicious. Usually the insect lies or cannot answer (its tongue is cut off) and thanks to this dangerous person attacks certain plants or animals and not people
b64aSmall bones: war between fish and birdsFish and birds shoot arrows into each other. Since then there are many small bones inside the fish
b69Chipmunk's back scratched: hence his stripesTo thank or to punish a small mammal like chipmunk or (ground) squirrel, animal or person scratches or paints it producing stripes on its back
b74The red-eyed wood-grouseEyes of wood-grouse became red because it shed tears
b79Cosmic eggFrom the primeval egg, eggs, or egg-like ball emerge the earth, the sky, sky bodies, different animals (all or part of the items of this list)
b79aA bird laid an eggIn the beginning of time a bird flies, lays an egg or eggs, different objects and creatures emerge from them or a bird drops some solid substance on the waters and the dry land or an island appear
d4aaMoth tries to steal fire from peopleMoths try to steal fire which the people posess
f39The time of womenThe women dominated over the men in the past or in a far away land, were the active part in marriage relations, practiced activities which now are reserved of the men only. Or the women could obtained supremacy but failed to do it for some reason
f70e1A daughter instead of a sonAn old man needs a son to accomplish a man’s work or service. (Only the youngest) daughter sets to do it (successfully passing her father’s test and) guised as a man
h18Hoarded game releasedGame animals were concentrated in one single place. Certain person lets them disperse in the world
h22aAnimals disperse after being touched by peopleBig game animals were concentrated in one place, had no fear of people. They escape and disperse after somebody slightly strikes or stains them
h23Fat hornsObjects (animal horns, tree fungi, heartwood) that are now stiff and inedible consisted of fat
h27Mosquitoes let loseStinging insects (rare diseases) had been inside a container or some enclosure. They escaped to the world when the container or enclosure was foolishly opened
h27aA hole through the ground made with a poleThe Creator's antagonist demands for himself as much ground as would be enough to put a pole or staff
h27a1Plagues emerge from a hole in the groundБолезни из дырки в земле
h40Dog is the guard of manDog guards (successfully or unsuccessfully) the (still unfinished) physical body of man or the entrance to paradise
h41Death and the dogDog is responsible for people being mortal or imperfect. Usually the antagonist bribes dog with a warm fur and the dog lets him spoil the half-ready human figures
h42Creator goes away for a whileAfter creating the bodies of the first people or after getting a conception how to do it the Creator goes away for a while. During his absence another person, because of his or her ignorance or intentionally, spoils the creation or makes himself or herself what the Creator would make in a better way. Usually because of this people are mortal and subject to diseases
h43aaFigure of the first man smeared with filthAfter making human body, creator goes away for a time. In his absence another person spits on the human figure that was not yet alive, smears it with filth, etc.
h6aPeople and plantsMortal humans are contrasted with (almost) immortal trees that shed their bark, become green again after winter sleep or propagate by sprouts
h6bThe life-medicine spilled on plantsThe life-medicine is accidentally spilled not on men but on plants which become evergreen, capable for regeneration or producing fruits
i13cSnake’s crownReptiles possess treasure which a person gets or tries to get. Usually it is a crown, jewel or small horns on the snake's head
i26Dangers on the way of soulsOn its way to the Beyond, a soul has to defend itself or divert attention of guards who wait for it giving presents to them
i27Chthonic canineA dog is the lord, guard or guide of/to the land of the dead; or dogs live on the way to the land of the dead
i27aTowns and paths of dogsSouls of the dead dogs have their own towns in the Beyond or their own paths to travel there
i52Fish the earth-holderWorld is supported by fish or fish-like monster or the earth itself is such a monster
i56Ghosts do not see people from earthThe alive person who is travelling between the worlds is visible for inhabitants of one world and invisible for inhabitants of another
i56aIn the land of the ghosts human being is an evil spiritWhen a man who had got to the land of spirits touches a local dweller the latter dies or becomes sick
i57Thunder pursues his enemyThunder's enemies are evil spirits, reptiles, animals living in burrows. They hide from him in different objects, Thunder destroys these objects
i82hVenus’ name is ČolpanThe name of the Venus is like Čolpan, Čolbon, Tsulmon, etc.
i8e1Four supports of the worldThe sky or the earth rests upon four or five (cardinal points and the center) supports of any kind (poles, mountains, giants)
j27Lodge-boy and Thrown-awayA small boy (several babies) was thrown away, born by the dead woman, lives in the water (in forest, etc.). Another boy lives with his father or mother. Ultimately the first boy comes to live in the locus of the second one. Often (see motif j25, Babies escape and return) during some time the boy who lives in the wilderness meets secretly with his brother (with other children, with pups that had been fed up by his mother) who lives with the people
j62aPeople transformed into treesPerson transforms people who come to him or her into trees (or flowers). Hero escapes transformation and revives the victims
j66The gnawed through bow-stringsHero or his helpers cut or gnaw through bow- and other strings of the enemies, make holes in their canoes in order to forestall pursuit
k106Thrown to cowsTo get rid of a baby child or of the magic cock, they throw him into enclosure for animals, but cows or other animals do not trample the child or cock down
k1fConflict because of a womanA man maroons another because of jealousy or because he plans to take hold of his wife
k2The destroyed ladderHero climbs up (e.g. to a tree) or down (e.g. into a deep cave) by ladder, rope, from branch to branch, etc. The rope etc. breaks or is intentionally destroyed and the hero cannot return to the ground. (All cases of motif K2A, besides the Koreans, also contain motif K2)
k22bMan helps inhabitants of other worldInhabitants of a distant land who have different nature than (normal) human beings struggle from time to time with some non-human enemies. Man helps local dwellers because their enemies are not dangerous for the human beings
k27 (motif is not in the correlation table)Competitions and difficult tasksPerson is suggested to fulfill tasks that are mortally dangerous or cannot be fulfilled without supernatural helpers or capacities. The person fulfills the tasks and remains alive. A contest between persons has form of a competition or game in which the loser is deprived of his status or life
k27p1Antagonistic father-in-law acquires guise of an animalWhen father-in-law (rare: mother-in-law) asks the hero to killl or to tame a dangerous animal or not to kill certain animal during a hunt, he (she) turns into this animal himself or transforms into it his daughter(s) or wife (husband)
k27x2To steal an egg from under the birdPerson is able to steal an egg (a nestling, to put it back) from under the bird (to change the bird’s feather; to steal an embryo from animal’s womb, etc.)
k4The bird nesterPerson climbs up a tree or rock or descends to a cave to get eggs or nestlings from the bird's nest. Another person remains on the ground. They get into conflict and/or the first person is unable to get back to the ground
k44False mother rejectedA demonic or animal person steals a boy and pretends to be his real mother or father. The boy gets to know the truth, leaves the false parent
k44aFrog pretends to be motherAn amphibian (frog, toad, rare newt) steals or finds a boy, lies him that she is his real mother
k60bInvitation to coffinPerson is lured into a trap being invited to lie in a box or a hole to measure it. Being unable to liberate himself from the box etc., the person remains in power of his enemies
k61aTo get know a secretTo get know the precise number of certain units, to select certain object among many others, to get know a name of particular person or a reason of particular phenomenon, person tries to surprise (or unintentionally surprises) the possessor of the knowledge who becomes to speak aloud and so provides the hero with necessary information
k63Hunting wild peopleA man gets to a country which inhabitants hunts of fish people whom they consider wild and equivalent to the real game or fish
k72Three maidensPowerful person listens in conversation of three (rare: two or four) women. Each of them tells what she would do if the person marries her. One promises to bear his son (children) who would have wonderful qualities, two others promise to practice some kind of work or (more rare) marry people of lower status
k73Children of the youngest wifeA young woman promises to bear a wonderful children (wonderful son). In her husband's absence other people (co-wives, mother-in-law, etc.) try to kill the mother and/or the child, usually slandering the young woman
k73aBaby child substituted with object or animalHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with an animal or an object (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to an animal or an object)
k73a4Baby child substituted with a pupHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with a pup (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a pup)
k73b1Mother and child in a barrelA woman with her new-born child (or a woman pregnant with a boy) or a young girl and a young boy is put into a barrel (box, skin bag, boat) and thrown into the sea (river)
k74Hero, his companions and a dwarfThe hero and his companion or companions live together. Every morning one stays at home while another or others go to hunt, etc. A demonic person comes, eats up all the food and beats the cook. Or the man who remained at home comes to the demon himself in search of fire and is maltreated by him. The hero kills or neutralizes the demon
k74aOnly the hero gets to overcome the demon whose track he then follows Every time a demon commits an outrage upon one of the men who remains at home. When it is the hero’s turn, he overcomes the demon and follows his track to his world
k90The black and the red onesA man gets to see two fighting monsters or animals (usually of contrasted colors like red and black, black and white). He helps one of them and/or one of them helps him
l104Fugitive and pursuer change guisesA fugitive turns in succession into different animals or objects. A pursuer does the same, every time becoming an animal or a person who is dangerous for the fugitive in his given guise
l19bBeings with odd number of headsBeing (any besides birds) with more than ten heads or with odd (but more than one) number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. If beings with ever more number of heads are named, the row ends with a being that has odd (or more than ten) number of heads
l95Coming back to pick up toysPerson (usually a kid or lad) returns to the former place to pick up the forgotten object (often a toy) and is caught there by a demonic being
l95aFloating lungsA lung or a liver lies on a road or floats in a pond etc. As soon as person touches them, a dangerous demon appears in front of him
m100Sleep at the edge of a cliffAnimal persons lie to sleep at the edge of a bluff or cliff. At night one of them tells another (others) to move a little, the companion (companions) falls down and dies
m101Some are afraid of men, and some of partridgesThe bear answers the fox (rare sable or wolf) that he is not afraid of the men (often says that he is afraid of the partridges when they fly up suddenly). When the bear attacks a man, he is wounded or killed. Cf. motif M101A
m109aTo sit on the ice waiting for foodAn animal suggests another to sit on the ice till some food will fall from the sky. Waiting this way for food to fall down the anima is frozen to the ice
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m156aObjects that give the answersDangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question
m171The profitable exchange: from a pea to a horsePerson or animal stays for a night and the next morning declares that his possessions (which value is none or negligible) are lost. Or other persons whom the trickster meets really use or spoil objects that the trickster gives them. Every time he receives in compensation objects or animals with ever bigger value, the last acquisition usually being a costly animal or a girl. (All texts with motifs M171A and M171C contain also the motif M171)
m171bShoulder-blade with no meatPerson pretends that he has not a bare should-blade but a good piece of meat, asks people to cook it and then blames them for stealing the meat
m199dWrestling and running contestsAn ogre (devil, etc.) challenges a man to a wrestling and/or running contest. The man sends his “relative” – a bear to wrestle and a hare to run
m199fPulling the lake togetherPerson threatens the devils (water dwellers, etc.) that he will deprive them of their home (pull together or stir up a lake, dry the sea, build a church where the devils live, etc.). The devils (fish, etc.) fulfill person’s demands
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m29b1The wolf is a failureBecause of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolf suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m29b2The bear is a failure/enemyBecause of its stupidity or unsocial behavior, the bear suffers a reverse, is injured or dies
m38dAnimated objects perish one after anotherTwo or several animated objects or small animals and live or travel together and perish one after another when they make the most simple acts
m38d1Neck like a hairPersons whose body parts are obviously vulnerable (head like a bladder, neck like a hair, leg like a straw, etc.) attempt to behave normal people and perish one after the other.
m38d3Clod of earth melts awayAn animated object who is a clod of earth (flour, salt) melts away when he gets wet under the rain or going to fetch water
m60bFalse doctor: a finished off victimThe deceiver who promised to cure a sick or wounded person or animal devours him or suggests a remedy that makes the sick one to feel ever worse
m91The killed corpsePerson pretends that a person (often his or her mother, spouse or lover) who recently died is alive, claims that the death of the false alive resulted from negligence of others and gets a reward


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Buryats: Western (Cis-Baikal)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Kets
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Southern Altai: Altai proper (Altai-Kiji), Telengit
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Mongols (Khalkha)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Bashkirs
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Eastern Khanty (Ostyaks)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tuvinians of Tuva
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kazakh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Evens (Lamuts)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Western Tungus/Evenki: Podkamennaya Tunguska, Katanga, Nepa, Kamenka, Upper Lena

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Kazakh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition:
Tuvinians of Southern Altai
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Buryats: Western (Cis-Baikal)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Khakas
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Altai: Chelkan, Kumanda, Tubalar
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kalmyk
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Sym Tungus/Evenki
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Oirats (incl Torgouts, Derbets, Oilots)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tuvinians of Tuva
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Mongols (Khalkha)