Bushmen (all groups)



Tradition title rus: 
Бушмены; вкл сан, кунг, нарон (нхаро, айкве – центральная Калахари, граница Намибии и Ботсваны)
Areal ID: 
1.1.1.1
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
62.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
42.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a5


Name_eng: 
The Sun and the Moon are males
Description: 

The Moon is male, the Sun is also male or (much more rare) asexual




Motif

a12


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: monster’s attack
Description: 

Some creature or creatures regularly (sunrise and sunset, summer and winter, lunar phases) or irregularly (solar and lunar eclipses, eschatological events) attack the luminaries or shade their light




Motif

a14


Name_eng: 
Eclipses: relations between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

Coming together of the Sun and the Moon is the reason of their eclipses




Motif

a21


Name_eng: 
Luminaries are objects fixed in the sky
Description: 

The sun and/or the moon are inanimate objects thrown up to the sky or fixed in the sky




Motif

a33


Name_eng: 
The sun ram
Description: 

The Sun has appearance of a big terrestrial mammal (bull, ram, antilope, pig, rhinocero, etc.) or rides such an animal




Motif

a35


Name_eng: 
Spots on the lunar disc
Description: 

Dark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure




Motif

a36


Name_eng: 
The immortal Moon
Description: 

The Moon, unlike people, revives or rejuvenates every month; or those who live in the Moon are immortal; or the Moon makes decision if people should die forever or regularly revive




Motif

a39


Name_eng: 
The new sun every day
Description: 

Suns are born and die every day




Motif

b42


Name_eng: 
Cosmic hunt
Description: 

Certain stars or constellations are interpreted as hunters, their dogs and game that the hunters pursue




Motif

b42b


Name_eng: 
Sky hunters pursue an ungulate
Description: 

In the cosmic hunt tale the game pursued by the hunters is an ungulate (elk, deer, mountain sheep, etc.)




Motif

b48a


Name_eng: 
Other creatures’ flesh
Description: 

Particular pieces of flesh or inner organs in the bodies of animals, birds, or fish originally belonged to other creatures




Motif

c6f


Name_eng: 
Diving for drowned person
Description: 

Persons or animals dive to get from under the water a drowned person or creature or part of its body




Motif

d1b


Name_eng: 
Male spirit of fire
Description: 

The fire is personified as an elder man (alone or with his wife, mistress of fire)




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

d5


Name_eng: 
Woman as the owner of the fire
Description: 

Female person is the owner or inventor (but not the personification) of the fire




Motif

d8


Name_eng: 
Fire and a predator animal
Description: 

Fire or summer is stolen from a big predator: a lion (in Africa), a tiger (in Asia), a bear (in Siberia and North America) or a jaguar (in South America)




Motif

d11


Name_eng: 
Food baked in armpits
Description: 

Before fire became known, people prepared food using warmth of their bodies (usually putting food in their armpits); or a person keeps fire in his or her armpits




Motif

e5a


Name_eng: 
Mankind ascends from the underworld
Description: 

The first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together




Motif

e8


Name_eng: 
People of wood
Description: 

The first people or (the first) woman (wife of a primeval ancestor) are made of wood




Motif

e11


Name_eng: 
The burned skin
Description: 

Magic person reveals his true nature and/or remains with the real people after the object responsible for preserving the non-human appearance (usually an animal skin) is destroyed (usually burned)




Motif

f8


Name_eng: 
Women and men come together
Description: 

Initially women and men live apart from each other. Later they meet each other and become to live together




Motif

f22


Name_eng: 
Study of partner’s body
Description: 

Person asks another person of the opposite sex about destination or place of her or his genitals. Usually it is made after putting questions about function of other body parts; or person tries to use for sex different parts of the partner's body or tests them before reaching the best place where the genitals should be put




Motif

f45


Name_eng: 
The Amazons
Description: 

There are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages




Motif

f61


Name_eng: 
Trickster rapes a woman who carries him on her back
Description: 

A man pretends to be weak, ill or injured, asks a woman to carry him on her back. When she agrees, he makes attempt to copulate with her




Motif

g6


Name_eng: 
Primeval tree
Description: 

One of the trees is the principal, original one (emerged before all the other; ancestor of wild or cultivated plants; ocean or rivers inside it; world axis; higher than all the others; overshadows sky)




Motif

h34a


Name_eng: 
Controversy over conditions of life
Description: 

Person has a series of suggestions how to make the world easy for living and free of hard work and death. His companion successively rejects them. Their dialogue forever defines conditions of human life




Motif

h36


Name_eng: 
The muddled message
Description: 

Person is sent by god to bring instructions or certain objects but distorts, forgets or replaces them. This has fatal consequences for humans or for a certain species of animals. (Lithuanian case can be a mistification)




Motif

h36a


Name_eng: 
Origin of death from the falsified message
Description: 

Person distorts instructions that he must pass to others, intentionally lies, forgets or replaces certain objects that must be given to others. Because of this human beings become mortal (do not revive after death)




Motif

h36d


Name_eng: 
Death and the hare
Description: 

Hare is responsible for introduction of permanent death




Motif

i1


Name_eng: 
The thunderbirds
Description: 

Creatures that produce rain and/or thunderstorms are birds or anthropomorphic beings with wings; or (rare) some or all birds are connected with thunder, lightning or rain though Thunder is not a bird




Motif

i5


Name_eng: 
Thunder is an animal
Description: 

Thunder looks like a quadruped mammal (pig, buffalo, camel, anteater, tapir, dog, cat, leopard, monkey, etc.)




Motif

i42


Name_eng: 
Rainbow is a pair of creatures
Description: 

Rainbow is two creatures or persons, usually a male and a female




Motif

i66


Name_eng: 
Ashes on Milky Way
Description: 

Milky Way is ashes or smoldering coals




Motif

i72


Name_eng: 
Stars are people
Description: 

Stars are people, ghosts, anthropomorphic beings (interpretations of unique star objects like Venus or Polaris as persons not considered)




Motif

i93


Name_eng: 
Milky Way is the backbone
Description: 

Milky Way is the backbone of the sky or of all the world




Motif

i108


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a person
Description: 

The Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons




Motif

k8a


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by monster
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of water being or into the belly of giant creature which appearance and living place remain vague. He kills the monster from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k8c


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by terrestrial animal
Description: 

Person gets into the belly of ground animal or bird. He kills it from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k8d


Name_eng: 
Jonah: swallowed by anthropomorphic being
Description: 

Person (often an animal-person) gets into the belly of anthropomorphic being. He kills it from the inside and/or returns to earth by himself (i.e. not extracted by other people)




Motif

k32


Name_eng: 
The false wife
Description: 

An ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.




Motif

k33


Name_eng: 
Drowned woman remains alive
Description: 

A young woman is transformed into an animal, pushed into the water, into the underworld or she herself has to plunge into water (acquire animal form). Her connection with the human world is not completely lost, however, and usually she is helped to return to the people




Motif

l6


Name_eng: 
Demon clings to person
Description: 

A demonic being demands that a person would carry it permanently, clings to his shoulder or back




Motif

l6a


Name_eng: 
Sticking demon asks to be carried
Description: 

Person that looks weak and feeble asks a man to carry him or her on his back and refuses to leave him




Motif

l55


Name_eng: 
Monster killed with hot liquid
Description: 

To kill a dangerous animal or monster, acrid or hot liquid (boiling water, resin, soup, etc.) is poured into one of his body orifices




Motif

l56


Name_eng: 
Fire in monster’s belly
Description: 

A monster or a big animal dies when fire is kindled in its belly




Motif

l110


Name_eng: 
The devourer
Description: 

A demonic being swallows a multitude of people and animals. When it is killed and cut open, the swallowed ones come out alive or are revived




Motif

m21


Name_eng: 
A protector hides fugitives
Description: 

Person pursued by an enemy asks somebody whom he meets to help him. The helper hides him




Motif

m29b


Name_eng: 
Trickster-fox, jackal or coyote
Description: 

In episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote




Motif

m51


Name_eng: 
Meat in a tree
Description: 

One of two animal-persons kills game. In the absence of the stronger one, the weaker one hides the meat to eat it alone later




Motif

m63


Name_eng: 
Body parts enumerated
Description: 

Before finding a part of the body that is the best for some particular function, other parts are proven or enumerated




Motif

m104


Name_eng: 
Make believe killing of kinsfolk
Description: 

Person conceals his or her close relatives (children, mother, brothers) and tells another that he or she has killed them. Another believes and agrees to kill his or her own children, mother, etc.




Motif

m105a


Name_eng: 
Make believe killing of children
Description: 

Person conceals her children and tells another one that she has killed them. Another person really kills her own




Motif

m172


Name_eng: 
The hare makes the lion his horse
Description: 

To demonstrate that a strong animal is his slave or his riding animal, a weak animal tricks the strong one to carry him. People believe that the strong one is really a slave of the weak one




Motif

b42h


Name_eng: 
The Belt of Orion is the game, other star is the hunter
Description: 

The Belt of Orion is the animal or three animals, other star (of the Orion or outside of this constellation) is the hunter




Motif

h1d


Name_eng: 
The first dead is rejected by the alive people
Description: 

Person dies and returns soon but people send him or her back, refuse to accept as a member of their community or bury again. Since then death becomes permanent




Motif

b69b


Name_eng: 
Frog’s back scratched: hence its stripes
Description: 

To thank or to punish a frog, animal or person scratches it producing stripes on its back




Motif

m29b1


Name_eng: 
The wolf is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the wolf suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

m29w3


Name_eng: 
The lion is a failure
Description: 

Because of its stupidity and unsocial behavior, the lion suffers a reverse, is injured or dies




Motif

a35c


Name_eng: 
Scars and wounds on the Moon’s face
Description: 

Dark spots on the Moon are scars and wounds on her face




Motif

k33a4


Name_eng: 
The heroine is transformed into a forest animal
Description: 

After the heroine’s rival transforms her into a forest animal of medium size (lynx, wolf, deer), she makes attempts to contact her children or husband




Motif

a14a


Name_eng: 
The conflict between the Sun and the Moon
Description: 

The Sun and the Moon are or were enemies, either permanently or in particular situations




Motif

m105a1


Name_eng: 
Make believe killing of children: two birds
Description: 

One of two birds (usually both, rarely only one of them, do not fly) suggests another one two break their eggs. Another bird agrees and later discovers that the eggs of the first one are preserved





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition: Khoekhoe (=Hottentot; incl Nama, Korana); Damara
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Kawaiisu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Oirats (incl Torgouts, Derbets, Oilots)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Nubians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tabasaran, Aghul
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Tewa (San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Nambé; Hano), Tiwa (Taos, Picuris; Sandia, Isleta), Towa (Jemez)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Tajik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Rushani, Shughni, Khufi, Bartangi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 1 Tradition:
Ingush

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Ute
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Upper Chinook: Wasco, Wishram, Clackamas, Kathlamet
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Oregon Athabaskans: Lower Umpqua, Tututni (incl Joshua), Upper Coquille, Galice, Tolowa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Thompson (Nlaka'pamux)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
SE Australia: Kamilaroi, Yualarai (Ualarai, Euahlayi), Milpulo (Mailpurgu), Wuradjeri (Wiradjurim, Wiradjeri, Wurundjeri, Yarra, Yarra Yarra), Wongaibon (Wonghibon), Noongahburrah (Narran, Narran River), Kurnai, and many others (see file 0.doc)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Khoekhoe (=Hottentot; incl Nama, Korana); Damara
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Yoruba; incl Ife), Nupe, Bini (Edo), Engenni, Chamba, Dakka, Kukuruku
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Shuswap
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Hausa
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Garo (Atchik), Kachari (Bodo, incl. Lalung), Dimasa, Tripuri, Riang (of Tripura), Khami, Riga, Mori