Southern Taiwan: Rukai, Paiwan, Puyuma, Saaroa, Ketangalan



Tradition title rus: 
Бг: рукай, пуюма, пайван, саароа, кетангалан
Areal ID: 
10.1.1.3
Language: 
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
101.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
83.00
Motifs: 

Motif

a2a


Name_eng: 
The sun is a source of distructive heat
Description: 

The world was or will be (almost) burned when several suns had (will) appear(ed) simultaneously; or the only sun was too hot (or bright)




Motif

a2b


Name_eng: 
Extra suns and moons annihilated
Description: 

Other suns or moons besides present ones had been in the sky and were later annihilated




Motif

a4


Name_eng: 
Female sun
Description: 

The Sun is female, the Moon is male or (more rare) also female




Motif

a32


Name_eng: 
Figure on lunar disc
Description: 

A figure or an imprint of some being or object are seen in the Moon. (For statistical analysis motifs A32A – A32J are also included into A32)




Motif

a32h


Name_eng: 
The Moon plant
Description: 

A tree or bush is seen in the moon




Motif

a35


Name_eng: 
Spots on the lunar disc
Description: 

Dark spots on the lunar disc are dirt, blood, paint, traces of beating, burning, scratching, etc. on the Moon person's body or face (Kiliwa: spots on the Sun) and do not form any particular figure




Motif

a37


Name_eng: 
The Sun is attacked with weapons
Description: 

Person intentionally and with special equipment (usually shooting arrows) attacks the Sun (or several suns if they were many)




Motif

b3d


Name_eng: 
Earth from worm’s excrements
Description: 

A worm obtains the earth (from the underworld), it emerges from the worm's excrements, is extracted from inside of the worm




Motif

b38


Name_eng: 
The ruined painting
Description: 

Person paints birds or animals or they paint each other. Some of them are not satisfied with the result




Motif

b77


Name_eng: 
Primeval sky close to earth
Description: 

Originally the sky was close to the earth, then it has risen up




Motif

b77b


Name_eng: 
Sky touched with a long object
Description: 

The sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was touched or struck with a long object (a pestle, a broom, etc.)




Motif

c8


Name_eng: 
The couple of close relations originates the mankind
Description: 

In the beginning of time or after the natural disaster brother and sister, mother and son, or father and daughters are the only human beings. They marry and the present day people are their descendents




Motif

c8b


Name_eng: 
Siblings change their looks and marry
Description: 

In the beginning of time or after the world catastrophe brother and sister or mother and son are the only humans. They reject marriage or only the man does not want to marry his sister or mother. After their looks are changed (or only the sister or mother changes her face) they take each other for strangers, marry and beget the new race




Motif

d4a


Name_eng: 
Theft of fire
Description: 

Fire is stolen from its original owner or brought back to the people from somebody who had stolen it before




Motif

e5a


Name_eng: 
Mankind ascends from the underworld
Description: 

The first people (or only the first men or the first women) are not created but come to earth from the underworld (from a cave) or from a small enclosure under the earth or on its surface (tree trunk, rock, gourd, etc.). Many people of both sexes and of different ages or people and different species of animals come out together




Motif

e5b


Name_eng: 
First couple from the underworld
Description: 

First man (a group of brothers) or first human couple come out from the underworld (a cave) or from a small enclosure on its surface (tussock, reed, tree, rock, gourd)




Motif

e5c


Name_eng: 
People from the sky
Description: 

The first people or first anthropomorphic divine beings descend to earth from the sky.




Motif

e6


Name_eng: 
Because of a woman worlds become isolated
Description: 

When a woman of the child-bearing age tries to come from one world to another (e.g. from sky to earth), the communication between the worlds is blocked or broken forever




Motif

e7


Name_eng: 
Person stuck in a cosmic hole
Description: 

To descend from the sky, ascend from the underworld or come out of the cave, people must pass through narrow hole. A person is stuck in the hole blocking forever communication between different parts of the universe




Motif

e9


Name_eng: 
The mysterious housekeeper
Description: 

Person observes traces of some activity that takes place in his (rare: her) house in his (her) absence and then takes by surprise the responsible one




Motif

e32


Name_eng: 
People born from trees
Description: 

First people are born by trees or come out of a tree, flower, reed




Motif

e35


Name_eng: 
Webbed fingers
Description: 

First people or people made by Creator's rival were imperfect, not completely anthropomorphic (often: had webbed fingers)




Motif

e39


Name_eng: 
Pig ancestor
Description: 

A pig is an ancestor of a particular group of people




Motif

f2


Name_eng: 
Pregnant limb
Description: 

Child is born from a tumor or swelling on person's body (on thigh, knee, finger, etc.) or is temporarily placed there or child grows from blood that flew out from a cut




Motif

f9


Name_eng: 
A dangerous woman
Description: 

For different reasons, sexual contact with a woman is deadly dangerous for a man




Motif

f9a


Name_eng: 
Vagina dentata
Description: 

There are teeth, blades or sharp stones in woman’s genitals, vagina is the biting mouth. (Only texts that are believed to correspond to reality are considered but not anecdotes and jokes)




Motif

f10


Name_eng: 
Vaginal teeth knocked out
Description: 

Woman has another toothed mouth (usually in vagina) or biting animals in vagina. Man inserts there a stone, bone, stick, etc. breaking or knocking out the teeth or extracting from there dangerous animals




Motif

f17


Name_eng: 
Misplaced genitalia
Description: 

Originally, humans had (had to have; can have under some special confition) their genitals not on the place where they are now; the genitals were absent, or people did not know know their function and used for copulation other parts of the body




Motif

f18a


Name_eng: 
The long penis
Description: 

Penis is so long that he can turn it round his waist or send into a woman who is at a long distance from him. (Only texts considered to describe real events and beings and not anecdotes are included)




Motif

f18d


Name_eng: 
Long clitoris
Description: 

Female genitals are as long as a big snake




Motif

f20


Name_eng: 
A strong embrace
Description: 

Man and woman embrace each other forever or for a long time




Motif

f22


Name_eng: 
Study of partner’s body
Description: 

Person asks another person of the opposite sex about destination or place of her or his genitals. Usually it is made after putting questions about function of other body parts; or person tries to use for sex different parts of the partner's body or tests them before reaching the best place where the genitals should be put




Motif

f40b


Name_eng: 
A man in a village of women
Description: 

A man gets into the village of women. Usually he has to satisfy every woman against his will or every woman claims him for herself




Motif

f45


Name_eng: 
The Amazons
Description: 

There are (or were) women who live apart from men in their own village or villages




Motif

f45a


Name_eng: 
Conception from wind
Description: 

A woman or a female animal is impregnated deliberately exposing her genitals to the wind




Motif

f51


Name_eng: 
The clandestine lover
Description: 

Person who conceals his or her identity comes to his or her lover (at night). Next time, the lover puts a mark on the stranger's face, body or clothes doing this intentionally (to recognize him or her) or by chance (that leads to the identification)




Motif

f64


Name_eng: 
The lecherous parent
Description: 

Person changes his or (rare) her guise to marry his or her close relative in descending or (rare) ascending line




Motif

f64b


Name_eng: 
Incestuous woman
Description: 

A woman pretends to be a stranger to have sexual relations with her (grand)son, daughter or brother




Motif

f76


Name_eng: 
Animals teach to make love
Description: 

People learn to copulate after they see birds, fish or animals doing it




Motif

f89


Name_eng: 
A smart sister
Description: 

Sister and brother live alone. The brother rejects the incest. The sister makes him take her for unknown girl, marries him




Motif

g8


Name_eng: 
Restored tree
Description: 

A deep notch in the tree (or in the sky support) is magically restored as soon as persons or creatures who cut or gnaw it stop working




Motif

g8e


Name_eng: 
Cutting the Moon tree
Description: 

Person tries to cut down the tree in the Moon but the notch disappears and the tree becomes intact




Motif

g31


Name_eng: 
Trees tied up with a rope
Description: 

To clear a garden plot, persons put a rope around many trees and fells them all without much effort




Motif

h28


Name_eng: 
Plagues from the body of a person or creature
Description: 

Killed and destroyed (often burned) person or creature (usually ogre, fierce animal, powerful shaman) turns into a multitude of biting insects or into other small molesting creatures




Motif

h34g


Name_eng: 
One grain porridge
Description: 

One cereal grain (cob, etc.) is enough to prepare a meal




Motif

i7


Name_eng: 
The cloud serpent
Description: 

A flying reptile produces rain, thunderstorm




Motif

i8g


Name_eng: 
Atlas
Description: 

One giant supports the earth or the sky




Motif

i13a


Name_eng: 
The horned serpent
Description: 

Giant water-chthonic or sky serpent or dragon has horns or antlers on its head




Motif

i19


Name_eng: 
People inhale the odor of food
Description: 

Anthropomorphic beings satisfy their hunger cooking food and inhaling the odor




Motif

i33


Name_eng: 
Tree of the dead
Description: 

The ultimate aim of the afterlife journey is to reach certain tree




Motif

i39


Name_eng: 
Rainbow road or bridge
Description: 

Rainbow is a road, a bridge or a ladder




Motif

i45b


Name_eng: 
Not to point at the rainbow
Description: 

It to point at the rainbow, pointing finger or entire arm will rot, wither or become crooked




Motif

i46


Name_eng: 
Rainbow belt
Description: 

Rainbow is the ornamented part of the clothes, its decoration, a belt




Motif

i108


Name_eng: 
The Pleiades are a person
Description: 

The Pleiades are only one anthropomorphic being, not several persons




Motif

i117


Name_eng: 
Spider ferries from one world to another
Description: 

Spider person raises the hero to the sky, helps him or her to return back to earth or otherwise helps to overcome the borderlines between worlds




Motif

j42


Name_eng: 
Waters split apart
Description: 

When person comes to the water body, waters are split apart so the person reaches the other bank walking on the dry ground




Motif

k18


Name_eng: 
Infant picks out his unknown father
Description: 

A boy is born whose father or (rare) mother is unknown. He himself points at his parent who as a rule occupies the lowest social position. Usually many men (women) come together and everyone hopes that the boy points at him (her)




Motif

k32


Name_eng: 
The false wife
Description: 

An ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.




Motif

k34


Name_eng: 
Fatal swing
Description: 

Person kills others inviting them to sit on a swing and launching them into water, on rocks, etc.




Motif

k47a


Name_eng: 
A woman and a dog
Description: 

After having sexual contact with a dog, a woman gives birth to his children. The puppies turn into humans and usually become ancestors of particular groups of people




Motif

k65d


Name_eng: 
Wrong marriage ritual and the birth of spirits
Description: 

The primeval couple is married. First wife has miscarriages or gives birth to spirits, worms or other unpleasant animals. Later, usually after the proper marriage ceremony is organized, she becomes to give birth to real human beings or gods




Motif

l17b


Name_eng: 
Two faces
Description: 

Person or creature has another face (another mouth) on the back of his (her, its) head




Motif

l18


Name_eng: 
Multi-headed bird
Description: 

A bird with two or more heads on top of one body is described in tales or represented in art




Motif

l41


Name_eng: 
Hero escapes on the way
Description: 

An ogre or ogress catches a person and carries his or her prey home but the person escapes on the way or immediately after reaching the ogre's house




Motif

l85


Name_eng: 
One-sided people
Description: 

One-sided people have one leg and/or also one arm, one half of a head, etc. The second leg is not cut or burned off, preserved as a stump but is absent completely




Motif

m43


Name_eng: 
Doll as a decoy
Description: 

To kill or catch a monster, human figure of wood or clay or alive woman is exposed as a bait. Usually monster's claws or sharp leg get stuck in the wood




Motif

m44c


Name_eng: 
Thieves of food: a young hero
Description: 

A boy or young man comes to steal food of a person who is elder than he. Usually he is caught but not punished and invited to live with the elder person




Motif

m63


Name_eng: 
Body parts enumerated
Description: 

Before finding a part of the body that is the best for some particular function, other parts are proven or enumerated




Motif

b77b1


Name_eng: 
Sky touched with a pestle
Description: 

The sky rose to its present height and/or the direct relations of the sky deity with the people were broken off when the sky or the deity was pushed up, touched or struck with a pestle or with a ladle during the preparation of food




Motif

a11b


Name_eng: 
One-eyed luminaries
Description: 

The Sun or the Moon is one-eyed (usually another eye was knocked or sucked out but sometimes this defect is not explained




Motif

b72b


Name_eng: 
A girl flies away as a bird
Description: 

A girl (rare: boy) turns into bird and flies away when her mother (father or other adult person in whose house she lives) does not give her food, water or makes her feel offended in other way




Motif

k19c


Name_eng: 
Non-human lover in man’s bed or bag
Description: 

A man brings home a small being with whom he makes love at night. His mother, sister or wife discovers his non-human lover in his bed or bag




Motif

f30


Name_eng: 
Snake paramour
Description: 

A woman or a girl takes a snake, an eel (i.e. Pacific snake-eel), a lizard, or a worm for husband or paramour. People kill or badly injure him, the woman and/or her progeny or the woman herself is transformed into snake. Cf. motif k76b: the snake-husband becomes and remains a handsome man




Motif

i8c


Name_eng: 
The suspended earth
Description: 

The earth does not fall down or swing because it is suspended to ropes




Motif

i38a


Name_eng: 
The dog-husbands
Description: 

Dogs or dog-headed men are husbands of human women




Motif

i81


Name_eng: 
Waters rush down into the underworld
Description: 

Waters of all rivers on earth run to the precipice where they rush down into the underworld




Motif

j4


Name_eng: 
Revenge for the death of the male relatives
Description: 

Heroes avenge the murder or captivity of the male relatives: (grand)father, uncles, or the elder relatives in general, the loss of the males being the most traumatic




Motif

j64


Name_eng: 
Person moves on clouds of smoke
Description: 

Not being burned in a fire, person ascends to the sky or gets across a river on clouds of smoke




Motif

k29a


Name_eng: 
Surviving in a fire
Description: 

Hero demonstrates his supernatural abilities remaining alive in a burning hot chamber, stove, bonfire, among burning vegetation




Motif

l108


Name_eng: 
The wolf and the kids
Description: 

An (animal) person gives a signal (special song, etc.) to his relative or friend who lets him or her in. Antagonist imitates the person's voice or guise and the relative lets him in




Motif

m112


Name_eng: 
Animals dig a well
Description: 

An animal person refuses to dig or clean a source of drinking water together with other animals or birds but takes advantage of the results of the work




Motif

m113


Name_eng: 
For certain bird water is taboo
Description: 

During the hottest month of the summer or permanently birds of certain species are prohibited to drink from the water bodies. Usually they can quench their thirst only from rain drops and dew on leaves and cry calling for rain




Motif

b42n


Name_eng: 
Orion is one person
Description: 

Constellation of Orion or the Belt of Orion is identified with only one male person, usually with a warrior or hunter




Motif

i46a


Name_eng: 
Old woman’s rainbow
Description: 

Rainbow is associated with an old woman




Motif

h1e


Name_eng: 
The first dead opens the road
Description: 

After the first death the road to the realm of death remains open; certain person makes a road to the realm of death; the first person who had died becomes the ruler of the guard of the realm of death




Motif

j21


Name_eng: 
Birth from eggs
Description: 

Gods, first people or founders of the royal lineages are born from eggs




Motif

l19a


Name_eng: 
Beings with even number of heads
Description: 

Beings (any besides birds) with even but not more than ten number of heads are described in tales or represented in art. Beings that with even number of heads named in a row with other multi-headed beings and the highest number is even or bigger than ten are not considered




Motif

g24


Name_eng: 
Food from the sky
Description: 

First seeds (sprouts, tubors) of cultivated plants or of important edible wild plants are brought from the sky (received from the sky-dwellers)




Motif

i39a


Name_eng: 
Souls of the dead walk upon the rainbow
Description: 

Souls of the dead walk upon the rainbow to the other world




Motif

a2a1


Name_eng: 
The Moon was as bright as the Sun
Description: 

Initially, the Moon was as bright and hot as the Sun




Motif

a2


Name_eng: 
Several suns
Description: 

In a certain time in the past three or more suns were on the sky simultaneously




Motif

g24a


Name_eng: 
Seeds of plants hidden on the body
Description: 

Person steals cultivated plants for the people hiding the seeds on/in his body




Motif

j1


Name_eng: 
The vengeful heroes
Description: 

Persons avenge the death of their father, mother or other relatives who are one (rare two) generations older than they




Motif

b38b


Name_eng: 
Two animals decorate each other
Description: 

Two mammals or reptiles (or a mammal or raptile and other creature) decorate each other or somebody decorates each of them




Motif

b36a


Name_eng: 
Two creatures decorate each other
Description: 

Two zoomorphic personages decorates each other or somebody decorates each of them




Motif

a3


Name_eng: 
Male sun and female moon
Description: 

The Moon is female or bisexual, the Sun is male




Motif

c8c


Name_eng: 
Mother and son produce people
Description: 

After the world cataclysm, in the beginning of time or coming to a new land a woman marries her son and produce people




Motif

f14a


Name_eng: 
Birth from a rock
Description: 

Anthropomorphic person appears from a rock, is born by a it




Motif

b12


Name_eng: 
Rivers and snakes
Description: 

The river bed follows the way of a snake, fish, dragon or crab; pieces of the snake’s body turn into rivers; a river is a snake




Motif

c7


Name_eng: 
The flood: breaking the dam
Description: 

In the beginning of times or after the flood a dam of earth, person or creature does not let water to recede. The dam is broken or opened, waters withdraw




Motif

h1c


Name_eng: 
Stamped down grave
Description: 

People do not come back to life after somebody buries the dead in the grave or stamps down the earth on the grave





Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition: Northern Taiwan: Atayal (Tayal; Taruko (Toda, Taokas, Torok, Taroko), Pazeh, Sedeq (Sediq, Seedeq, Sazek), Saisiyat (Saixia); Kawalan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Ami
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Li
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Minahasa (incl. Tondano, Tentemboan), Bantik
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Nivkh
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Viet, Muong
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Katu (Ködu); Bru (incl. Van Kieu, Khua)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Bhuiya (now Aryans, originally Munda; Rahman 1955: 203), Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Chukchi
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 2 Tradition:
Maria, Muria, and other South-Central Dravidians: Binjhwar, Baсор, Bhattra, Bom, Jhoria (=Jhodia), Gadaba (in Koraput, neighbors of Munda-speaking Gadaba), Duruwa (Parji), Mehtar; Pardhan

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Lillooet
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Chin-Naga: Ao, Mao, Sema, Zeme, Liangmai, Kolren, Kom, Lhota, Rengma, Angami, Kabui, Tangkhul, Koirenf
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tillamook
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Assiniboine
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Upper Chinook: Wasco, Wishram, Clackamas, Kathlamet
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Gros Ventre
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, (Lower) Cowlitz
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Western Sahaptin (Upper Cowlitz, Klikitat, Tenino, Umatilla, Yakima, Wallawalla)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Gondi (mostly Northern Gondi)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Northern Luzon: Apayao, Bontoc, Nabaloi (Ibaloi), Ifugao, Igorot (highland people, not specified), Ilocan, Ilongot, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanay, Tingian (Tinggian, Bilongan Itneg); Ibanag, Kasiguran Agta, Keley-i Kallahan