Bihar (Maithili and other language)



Tradition title rus: 
Бихар (майтхили и другие языки)
Areal ID: 
5.6.2.24.
Tradition analysis result motif count all: 
65.00
Tradition analysis result motif count cosmo: 
5.00

Linked Motifs

MotifNameDescription
e31aCreators and rescuers of a girlSeveral men take part in rescuing, creation or reanimation of a girl (rare: a bird) or several women take part in the reanimation of a dead man or they differetly express their grief. It is asked whose role was crucial (who behavior more noble) and/or who should be the spouse of the reanimated person. Or three men make something valuable and it is asked whose role in the corresponding enterprise was more important
e31a1Three men construct a woman which becomes alive: to whom does she belong?Three (rare two or four) men take part in creation of a girl: one cuts her body of wood, another puts clothes on her, the third one makes her alive. To whom does she belong?
e31a2That one is like her father, another is like her brother but this one is her husbandOnly one of several men can marry a girl. The girl herself or somebody else explains that somebody among suiters is like a father to her, somebody else is like her brother and only one of the men suits the role of the girl’s husband
e8bWoman hides in a fruitA woman hides in a fruit that was brought to house and comes out when nobody is nearby or when the fruit is cut open
k101Night dances of girlsEvery morning girl' or (rare) boy’s clothes are in disorder, the boy looks very tied. People spy on her (or on him) and discover that she or he spends nights in the non-human world
k103aTree raises its branchesA plant (tree, vine, lotus) that has grown up rapidly does not let anybody besides the hero or the heroine to climb it or to pick its fruits (flowers)
k136A lad and his cattleA lad becomes a master and a leader of great amount of cattle (cows or buffaloes) and meets a princess (usually after she finds his hair fallen into a river)
k136a1Youth’s hair picked up from a riverA woman finds the youth’s hair that was carried by water and decides to marry its owner
k14b1When you travel, take a companionA man receives good advice not to travel alone. He takes an animal for companion, and at night it saves his life
k173PlacidasA powerful and rich man loses everything that he has, is separated with his wife and children and they with each other. Later he obtains everything back, his family is united again
k27n1Task-giver is a king or a chiefPerson who gives difficult tasks to the hero and/or person who demands the fulfillment of certain conditions from those who want to marry his daughter is a prominent figure in social hierarchy. He is a head of the socio-political unit of community or super-community level and is neither a member of the hero’s household nor a mythical being
k27qMilk of the wild beastHero is sent to bring milk of a wild animal or milk in possession of a dangerous creature or person
k27x3The man persecuted because of his beautiful brideA powerful person coverts a beautiful bride or wife of a man and gives him impossible tasks to get rid of him
k27x5Helpful persons of different ageSetting off for a search of a woman or magic objects, a man comes across several (usually three) supernatural (often demonic) persons who help him. All the persons are similar but usually every next one is older (younger) than another
k27z4The trained animal of the gamblerPerson always wins a game thanks to a cat (or a mouse) who carries the lamp (or puts the light out in a certain moment). The hero releases a mouse (or correspondingly a cat), the cat runs after it and the person loses the game
k27z6The stone of pityBeing a victim of the injustice and after much suffering, a young woman speaks with a certain inanimate objects (often it is “the stone of pity”) telling it her sad story or her husband does it. The woman is rescued and the justice reinstated
k27zz4The wife who should not be beatenA prince (merchant’s son) beats his wife each day (says he will marry only a woman who will submit to a beating each day). When he is married his wife saves him demonstrating her superiority
k32The false wifeAn ugly, old, lazy, etc. woman or (in Chaco) a male trickster comes to man under disguise of his wife or bride who is driven out, confined to the underworld, killed, etc.
k32iTwo sitters at the bed of a sleeping princeA girl finds a body of a sleeping youth who will wake up at a certain time and marry the girl who would sit nearby. Usually at the last moment the girl goes away for a time and the impostor takes her place.
k33Drowned woman remains aliveWhen a young woman is pushed into the water by her rival, she drowns or loses her human guise but ultimately is returned to the people, Cf. motif k32n
k33cGirl from a fruitYoung man gets a girl who is inside of a fruit or (rare) a flower or an egg
k33c1Transformed into lotus Person is thrown into the water and becomes a flower (usually lotus)
k33c2aGirl from the Bengal quinceYoung man gets a girl who is inside a fruit of the Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos)
k33c7One fruit with a girl insideYoung man obtains a fruit from which a girl comes out (rare: two girls from two fruits, both remain with the man). The episode of the loss of girls who were inside other fruits is absent, Cf. motif k33c6
k33hThe cat, the dog and the magic objectA man obtains an object that fulfills his wishes. The object is stolen but brought back by the animals (which had been saved by the man before)
k38Hero helps the nestlingsFor helping its children, their powerful mother or father who is a giant bird or (rare) other flying being helps the hero
k38bThe nestlings and the aggressive snakeA serpent or water monster regularly devours or injures children of a bird or other flying creature (almost always nestlings of giant bird). The hero kills the serpent (monster)
k38eOf copper, of silver, of goldLoci or objects of three (rare – four) different materials are mentioned in such a way that all of them have positive connotations though unequal value (copper, silver and gold; silver, gold and diamonds, etc.)
k38e3The diamond kingdomIn a series of three (rare: four) loci or objects that have high but different value the highest value is related to the precious stone (usually a diamond; crystal, glass)
k67bBargain not to become angryPerson of a low social position (a man) makes an agreement with a person of high social position (an ogre) that the master must never become angry with the servant. The servant abuses the master until the latter erupts in anger and has to be severely punished or to pay a great fee
k67cSkin ribbon ripped off from the backPerson agrees that under certain conditions another may rip off a piece of skin from his back or inflict some other body injury
k73Children of the youngest wifeA young woman promises to bear a wonderful children (wonderful son). In her husband's absence other people (co-wives, mother-in-law, etc.) try to kill the mother and/or the child, usually slandering the young woman
k73aBaby child substituted with object or animalHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with an animal or an object (inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to an animal or an object)
k73a1Baby child substituted with inanimate objectHostile women substitute baby of the newly made mother with inanimate object and/or inform the baby’s father that his wife has given birth to a stone, broom, doll, etc.
k73a8The wonderful children: brother and sisterWoman gives birth to wonderful boy and girl. Being substituted with animals or objects and thrown away, they survive and triumph over their enemies
k80Repetitive reincarnationPerson (usually a young woman) turns into different objects or creatures which another person destroys one by one. However, the person is reincarnated again and again and ultimately acquires her or his original form
k80a2Pipe tells about a murderBody part of a murdered person or a plant that grew on the place of the crime tells people about the crime
k82Evil sister-in-lawWife of a man or wives of a group of brothers envy his (their) sister and tries (try) to destroy her
l93cHelpful monkeyCunning monkey saves person, helps him or her
l94Child promised to demonA demon helps a man or a woman or lets him or her free. As a reward, the person is forced to promise to give the demon his child
m106Meaningful namePerson lies that his name is so and so. Others understand it not as a name but as a common word and behave accordingly
m106dMy name is "Son-in-law"Person deceives other people telling them that his name is “Son-in-law” or the like. His victims do not find sympathy because his behavior is acceptable if he is a member of the family
m131Biting tree-rootA stronger (animal)-person gets to seize a leg or tail of a weaker one. To get free the weaker one pretends that his pursuer got hold of a tree root, and the pursuer lets his enemy free
m136dThe air castlesA person plans to turn his (future) possessions into a great wealth (milk, eggs, small money, animal to be killed, etc.) but imagining this wealth, he destroys what he already has (eggs are broken, the animal runs away, etc.). Or two persons are involved into quarrel about possessions that they do not yet have
m151Hello, house!Dangerous animal pretends to be an inanimate object, dead or absent. The potential victim sais aloud that the real dead (object, place) has to act in a particular way or to say particular words. The animal does accordingly betraying himself.
m156The ungrateful one returned to captivityAn (animal) person saves a dangerous animal from a snare or the like. The saved one is going to kill his savior but the third person saves the second (usually tricks the first one to captivity again)
m156aObjects that give the answersDangerous animal seeks to kill a person or other animal who rescued it from captivity. The dangerous animal and its victim agree to ask somebody else if a good deed should be repayed with a bad one. Inanimate objects are among those who answer to this question
m157The impossible giving birthPerson claims that a man or a male animal had given birth (or is menstruating) or that a female gave birth to a young of another species or that a woman gave birth to an animal
m157a2Bull or cart gives birthPerson claims that a calf (colt, kid, etc.) was born (brought to the place) not by the cow (mare, etc.) of another person but by his own male animal (bull, stallion, etc.), his own animal of another species or by inanimate object (usually a cart)
m157a4To fish on a hillPerson demonstrates the absurdity of the claims of another person saying that he (or somebody else) was fishing on a hill, putting out a fire spilling straw, looking how the fish fly etc. or he is imitating such an activity. Either the place chosen for the activity or the means are irrational
m171aThe profitable exchange: getting a girlPerson or animal gets a girl by way of exchanging less valuable goods for ever more valuable and/or claiming from others to return him something that cannot be returned
m196The silence wagerA man and his wife make a wager: Whoever speaks first must do certain trivial work or get a bigger portion of some simple food. They or one of them continue to keep silence even being exposed to violence or taken by others as the dead
m196aCorpses that became to speakMaking a wager because of a trivial thing, spouses (or only one of them) lie without movement and are taken for dead. People bury them but at the last moment they become to speak, people run in panic
m198bThe pretended astrologerA person who has not a bit of a skill to expose thieves and find the lost objects does it successfully thanks to a series of lucky coincidences
m198b4The pretended diviner: names of the thievesThe pretended diviner thinks that his exposure is inevitable and pronounces words that reflect his emotional condition. The thieves who stand nearby understand some of these words as their personal names, believe that the diviner knows all about their crime and ask him not to betray them
m29bTrickster-fox, jackal or coyoteIn episodes related to deception, absurd, obscene or anti-social behavior the protagonist is fox, jackal or coyote
m39a4Fool and his shadowFool takes his own shadow for a person who pursues him and gives it his possessions
m39hHusband pretends to become blind (The faithless wife)A married woman is eager to get rid of her husband and usually asks a spirit (God, saint, etc.) to make him blind. The husband hides in a tree, behind the alter, etc. and usually tells her that good food will make her husnad blind, or the husband himself tells his wife that the good food is dangerous for him. He pretends to become blind, kills the love (and his wife)
m45aOld man and animalsA man falls asleep or pretends to be sleeping or dead. Animals take him for dead: mourn, carry to bury, are going to eat up, etc. The man kills a lot of animals or obtain valuables otherwise
m57aBeads discharged from the bodyInstead of common body discharges a man or a woman urinates, spits, etc. beads, flowers, gold and other valuables; valuables are produced by the very presence of particular person
m57a2Male person is the producer of valuablesInstead of common body discharges a a man urinates, spits, etc. beads, flowers, gold and other valuables; valuables are produced by the very presence of particular male person. See motif m57a
m91bThe sold ashesUsing trick, a man sells or exchanges for treasure ashes. Another person tries to sell ashes and is ridiculed
m91b1The sold skinA man goes to sell a skin of domestic animal and on his way, by trick or thanks to chance, gets a big sum of money. Usually coming back he explains that this was the price of the skin but when other people kill their animals they cannot sell skins for such a sum. (In India the hero sometimes pretends to sold cow meat to brahmins for whom it is forbidden)
m91c1Herd from the river bottomPerson gets other person’s possessions by trick (or pretends to get it; usually another person is drowned instead of him) and then demonstrates his possessions (usually a herd) and explains that he had received everything at the river bottom. His enemies believe him
n40The liver sank and the lungs floated awayA fairy tale or epic text ends with the formula announcing that the liver sank and the lungs floated away (floated up, remained safe, etc.)


Similar traditions based on Cosmology and Etiology motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 5 Tradition: Bihar (Maithili and other language)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Ukrainians: Eastern dialects
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Anatolia Turks
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Sicily
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Spain
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Romansh (Rhaeto-Romance)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Tunisia Arabs
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Romanians, Moldavians, Aromanians
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Czech
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Portuguese

Similar traditions based on Adventures and Tricks motifs:
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 6 Tradition:
Oraon (Kurukh)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Nepali; Tharu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Bengali, Maithili
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Maria, Muria, and other South-Central Dravidians: Binjhwar, Baсор, Bhattra, Bom, Jhoria (=Jhodia), Gadaba (in Koraput, neighbors of Munda-speaking Gadaba), Duruwa (Parji), Mehtar; Pardhan
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Oriya (incl. Dom/Domba/Dombo, Ghasi, Bhat and other Oriya-speaking castes of Odisha)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Northern Munda of Kharwar branch: Birhor, Ho, Mundari, Kol, Asur (including Agaria, Kol, Birjhia), Bhumij
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 4 Tradition:
Himachali-Pahari (Western Pahari)
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Tulu
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Kannada, Lingayat, Halakki
Shared motifs (from a list of 10 less used): 3 Tradition:
Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia (subgroup of Baiga, incl Bharia, formerly Munda, now speak Indo-Aryan languages of neighboring groups)